Editing Slum (section)

===Colonialism and segregation===
[[File:Pottery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|An integrated slum dwelling and informal economy inside Dharavi of [[Mumbai]]. Dharavi slum started in 1887 with industrial and segregationist policies of the British colonial era. The slum housing, tanneries, pottery and other economy established inside and around Dharavi during the British rule of India.<ref name="jn2010" /><ref>Sharma, K. (2000). ''Rediscovering Dharavi: stories from Asia's largest slum''. Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0141000237}}, pages 3–11</ref><ref>Pacione, Michael (2006), Mumbai, Cities, 23(3), pages 229–238</ref>]]

Some of the slums in today's world are a product of [[urbanization]] brought by [[colonialism]]. For instance, the [[Europeans]] arrived in [[Kenya]] in the nineteenth century and created urban centers such as [[Nairobi]] mainly to serve their financial interests. They regarded the Africans as temporary migrants and needed them only for supply of [[Employment|labour]]. The housing policy aiming to accommodate these workers was not well enforced and the government built settlements in the form of single-occupancy bedspaces. Due to the cost of time and money in their movement back and forth between rural and urban areas, their families gradually migrated to the urban centre. As they could not afford to buy houses, slums were thus formed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Obudho |first=R. A. |author2=G. O. Aduwo |title=Slum and squatter settlements in urban centres of Kenya: Towards a planning strategy |journal=Journal of Housing and the Built Environment |year=1989 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.1007/bf02498028 |s2cid=154852140}}</ref>

Others were created because of [[Residential segregation|segregation]] imposed by the colonialists. For example, [[Dharavi|Dharavi slum of Mumbai]] – now one of the largest slums in [[India]], used to be a village referred to as Koliwadas, and Mumbai used to be referred as Bombay. In 1887, the British colonial government expelled all tanneries, other noxious industry and poor natives who worked in the peninsular part of the city and colonial housing area, to what was back then the northern fringe of the city – a settlement now called Dharavi. This settlement attracted no colonial supervision or investment in terms of road infrastructure, [[sanitation]], public services or housing. The poor moved into Dharavi, found work as servants in colonial offices and homes and in the foreign owned tanneries and other polluting industries near Dharavi. To live, the poor built shanty towns within easy commute to work. By 1947, the year India became an independent nation of the commonwealth, Dharavi had blossomed into Bombay's largest slum.<ref name="jn2010">Jan Nijman (February 2010). "A Study of Space in Mumbai's Slums". ''Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie''. Volume 101, Issue 1, pages 4–17.</ref>

Similarly, some of the slums of [[Lagos]], Nigeria sprouted because of neglect and policies of the colonial era.<ref>Liora Bigon, "Between Local and Colonial Perceptions: The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos" (Nigeria), 1924–1960, ''African and Asian Studies'', Volume 7, Number 1, 2008, pages 49–76 (28)</ref> During apartheid era of [[South Africa]], under the pretext of sanitation and plague epidemic prevention, racial and ethnic group segregation was pursued, people of colour were moved to the fringes of the city, policies that created Soweto and other slums – officially called townships.<ref>Beinart, W., & Dubow, S. (Eds.), (2013), ''Segregation and apartheid in twentieth century South Africa'', Routledge, pages 25–35</ref> Large slums started at the fringes of segregation-conscious colonial city centers of Latin America.<ref>Griffin, E., and Ford, L. (1980). "A model of Latin American city structure". ''Geographical Review''. pages 397–422.</ref> Marcuse suggests ghettoes in the United States, and elsewhere, have been created and maintained by the segregationist policies of the state and regionally dominant group.<ref>Marcuse, Peter (2001), [http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/curp/Marcuse_Segregationandthe.pdf "Enclaves yes, ghettoes, no: Segregation and the state"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060842/http://www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca/pdfs/curp/Marcuse_Segregationandthe.pdf |date=2013-09-21}}, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Conference Paper, Columbia University</ref><ref>Bauman, John F (1987). ''Public Housing, Race, and Renewal: Urban Planning in Philadelphia, 1920–1974''. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2024}}

[[File:Makoko auf dem Wasser (5209071096).jpg|thumb|[[Makoko]] – One of the oldest slums in Nigeria, was originally a fishing [[village]] settlement, built on stilts on a lagoon. It developed into a slum and became home to about a hundred thousand people in [[Lagos]]. In 2012, it was partially destroyed by the city government, amidst controversy, to accommodate infrastructure for the city's growing population.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/21560615 "Destroying Makoko"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904015243/http://www.economist.com/node/21560615 |date=2013-09-04}} ''The Economist'' (August 18, 2012)</ref>]]