Editing Soukous (section)

==== Africa ====
Across Africa, soukous dominated [[East Africa]]n nightclubs' dance floors and played a pivotal role in shaping virtually all the styles of contemporary [[African popular music]], including [[benga music]], [[muziki wa dansi]], [[Kidandali]], [[Igbo highlife]], [[palm-wine music]], [[taarab]], and inspiring the establishment of approximately 350 youth orchestras in Kinshasa, paving the way for new traditional dances, rhythmic patterns, and bands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2014 |title=Zambia: Origins of Rhumba Music |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201402230048.html |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=[[Times of Zambia]] |publication-place=Ndola, Zambia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Vietnam |date=31 December 2021 |title=The Secrets And Legend of Rumba, "The Soul Of The Congolese" |url=https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/the-secrets-and-legend-of-rumba-the-soul-of-the-congolese-38972.html#:~:text=The%20lively%20cavacha,%20a%20dance,Shama%20Shama,%20influencing%20Kenyan%20musicians. |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Vietnam Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ |title=The Garland Handbook of African Music |date=2 April 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781135900014 |editor-last=Stone |editor-first=Ruth M. |location=Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom |pages=132–133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Messager |date=2009-08-18 |title=Les années 1970: L'âge d'or de la musique congolaise |url=http://www.mbokamosika.com/article-35012968.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Mbokamosika |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
[[File:Congolese band Zaïko Langa Langa in 1971.jpg|thumb|[[Zaïko Langa Langa]] performing in 1971. From left to right: Beaudoin Mitsho, Meridjo Belobi (behind), Enoch Zamuangana (behind), Teddy Sukami, [[Papa Wemba]], Damien Ndebo (behind), [[Evoloko Jocker]], [[Félix Manuaku Waku]]|187x187px]]
As sociopolitical turmoil in Zaire deteriorated in the 1970s, a great number of musicians ventured to [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]], where orchestras sustained themselves through record sales and consistent stage performances. By the early 1970s, several Congolese bands had taken up the soukous beat in Kenyan nightclubs.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Carole Boyce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ETPEAAAQBAJ&dq=soukous+in+London&pg=PA849 |title=Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora [3 volumes]: Origins, Experiences, and Culture |date=2008-07-29 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-85109-705-0 |location=New York City, New York State, United States |pages=849 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Trillo |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6dEW14KykIC |title=The Rough Guide to Kenya |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2016 |isbn=9781848369733 |location=London, United Kingdom |pages=598}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VmcEAAAQBAJ |title=Rumba on the River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congos |date=2020-05-05 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78960-911-0 |location=Brooklyn, New York City, New York State |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":73">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvtHAox4T5EC |title=Let Spirit Speak!: Cultural Journeys Through the African Diaspora |publisher=State University of New York Press |date=June 2012 |isbn=9781438442174 |editor-last=Valdés |editor-first=Vanessa K. |location=Albany, New York City, New York State |pages=40–41}}</ref><ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=8 July 2010 |title=How African music made it big in Colombia |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/08/columbia-african-music-palenque |access-date=23 August 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The vivacious [[cavacha]] dance craze, propagated by bands like [[Zaïko Langa Langa]] and Orchestra Shama Shama, swept across East and [[Central Africa]], exert influence on Kenyan musicians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adieu |first=Verckys |date=2022-10-19 |title=congolese rumba |url=https://cavacha.wordpress.com/tag/congolese-rumba/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Cavacha Express! Classic congolese hits |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite web |last=Mutara |first=Eugene |date=29 April 2008 |title=Rwanda: Memories Through Congolese Music |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200804290721.html |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}</ref> The utilization of the cavacha rhythm, typically played on the [[snare drum]] or [[Hi-hat|high-hat]], became emblematic of the Zairean sound in [[Nairobi]] and was frequently adopted by regional bands. Prominent Congolese rumba [[Swahili language|Swahili]] bands in Nairobi formed around [[Tanzania]]n groups like [[Simba Wanyika]], giving rise to offshoots like [[Les Wanyika]] and Super Wanyika Stars.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2022 |title=congolese rumba |url=https://cavacha.wordpress.com/tag/congolese-rumba/ |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Cavacha Express! Classic congolese hits}}</ref><ref name=":23"/> [[Maroon Commandos]], a Nairobi-based ensemble, assimilated the soukous style while infusing their distinctive artistic imprint. [[Japanese people|Japanese]] students in Kenya, including Rio Nakagawa, developed a fondness for Congolese music, with Rio eventually spearheading Yoka Choc Nippon, a Japanese-conceived Congolese rumba band.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Mwamba |first=Bibi |date=7 February 2022 |title=L'influence de la rumba congolaise sur la scène musicale mondiale |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/linfluence-de-la-rumba-congolaise-sur-la-scene-musicale-mondiale |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Music in Africa |language=fr}}</ref>
[[File:A posture of Pepe Kalle in 1978.jpg|left|thumb|294x294px|A posture of [[Pépé Kallé]] in 1978]]
[[File:Gaby Lita Bembo jouant du piano à la fin des années 1970.jpg|thumb|198x198px|[[Orchestre Stukas|Gaby Lita Bembo]] playing piano in the 1970s]]
Virgin Records produced albums by the Tanzanian-Zairean [[Orchestra Makassy]] and the Kenya-based [[Orchestra Super Mazembe]]. The Swahili song "Shauri Yako" ("It's your problem") gained widespread acclaim in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Another influential Zairean ensemble, [[Les Mangelepa]], relocated to Kenya and achieved immense popularity across East Africa. Zairean singer [[Samba Mapangala]] and his band Orchestra Virunga, based in Nairobi, released the [[LP record|LP]] ''Malako'', which became a pioneering release in Europe's emerging world music scene.<ref name=":29" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shauri Yako — Orchestra Super Mazembe |url=https://www.last.fm/music/Orchestra+Super+Mazembe/Shauri+Yako |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Last.fm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=congo in kenya |url=http://muzikifan.com/shika.html |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=muzikifan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyanga |first=Caroline |title=Stars who came for music and found eternal resting place |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/standard-entertainment/article/2001370770/stars-who-came-for-music-and-found-eternal-resting-place |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=The Standard}}</ref> Meanwhile, between 1976 and 1977, [[Sam Mangwana]] and the African All Stars dominated the dance halls of Kinshasa with records produced in [[West Africa]], which were different from the sounds produced in the two-track studios of Kinshasa. Following this, there was a migration to [[Lomé]] and [[Cotonou]], followed by Franco Luambo's departure to Belgium.<ref name=":1" />

In [[Nigeria]], soukous became widespread due to the transmission of Zairean music through Radio Brazzaville, where audiences were introduced to material from ''Zaire Vol. 6'' (Soundpoint SOP 044, 1978).<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Beadle |first=John |date=18 August 2010 |title=From Congo via Nigeria |url=https://likembe.blogspot.com/2010/08/from-congo-via-nigeria.html |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Likembe |publication-place=Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=Various – Music From Zaire Vol. 6 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/11788853-Various-Music-From-Zaire-Vol-6 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Discogs |publication-place=Beaverton, Oregon, United States}}</ref> Soukous catalyzed the emergence of a distinct genre of guitar-based [[Igbo highlife]] music, exemplified by musicians like [[Oliver De Coque]], the [[Oriental Brothers International]], and their various imitators and followers.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=14 April 2021 |title=Google Honors Oliver de Coque with a Doodle on his 74th Posthumous Birthday |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/oliver-de-coque-google-doodle/ |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US |publication-place=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzvuAAAAMAAJ&q=Oliver%20de%20Coque%20soukous |title=The Ghanaian Concert Party: African Popular Entertainment at the Cross Roads |date=1994 |publisher=State University of New York at Buffalo |location=Buffalo, New York State, United States |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQM5AQAAIAAJ&q=Oliver%20de%20Coque%20soukous |title=The Beat: Volume 14 |date=1995 |publisher=Beat Magazine |location=Melbourne, Australia |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> The superabundance of Nigerian pressings of Zairean music featured the musicians who influenced this trend, as seen in the case of ''Music From Zaire Vol. 6'', which showcased artists from [[Verckys Kiamuangana Mateta]]'s stable like Orchestre Kiam, Orchestre Lipua-Lipua, and the cavacha rhythm.<ref name=":18" /> There was a prevalent inclination to exclude the slower "A" sides of various recordings and instead focus on the climactic [[sebene]], the faster and more improvisational [[Half-time (music)|second half]].<ref name=":18" /> This structural paradigm became emblematic of Igbo guitar highlife recordings epitomized by the music style of Oliver De Coque and Oriental Brothers International.<ref name=":18" />

Soukous experienced widespread diffusion across [[southern Africa]], where it was both adopted and adapted into various offshoots, such as [[Zimbabwe]]'s immensely popular sungura genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musira |first=Patrick |date=6 July 2011 |title=Slow down on ndombolo song and dance Congolese urged |url=https://theafronews.com/slow-down-on-ndombolo-song-and-dance-congolese-urged/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Theafronews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>