Editing Stabilizing selection (section)

=== Insects ===

*[[File:Squinting bush brown (Bicyclus anynana anynana).jpg|thumb|Bicyclus anynana with wing eyespot, which experiences stabilizing selection to avoid predation.]]Butterfly's Winged Eyespots − The African butterfly ''[[Bicyclus anynana]]'' exhibits stabilizing selection with its wing [[eyespot (mimicry)|eyespots]].<ref name="pmid20147150">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brakefield PM, Beldade P, Zwaan BJ | title = The African butterfly Bicyclus anynana: a model for evolutionary genetics and evolutionary developmental biology | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Protocols | volume = 2009 | issue = 5 | pages = pdb.emo122 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 20147150 | doi = 10.1101/pdb.emo122 }}</ref> It has been suggested that the circular eyespots positioned on the wings are favoured functionally compared to other shapes and sizes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brakefield|first1=Paul M | name-list-style = vanc |title=The evolution–development interface and advances with the eyespot patterns of Bicyclus butterflies|journal=Heredity|date=March 1998|volume=80|issue=3|pages=265–272|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00366.x|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Gall Size − The ''[[Eurosta solidaginis]]'' fly lays its eggs on the tip of plants, which then encase the larvae in a protective [[gall]]. The size of this gall is under stabilizing selection, as determined by predation. These larvae are under threat from parasitic wasps, which lay a single egg in galls containing the flies. The single wasp offspring then consumes the fly larvae to survive. Therefore, a larger gall is favored to allow more places for larvae to hide from the wasp. However, larger galls attract a different type of predation from birds, as they can penetrate large galls with their beak. Therefore, the optimal gall is moderately sized in order to avoid predation from both birds and wasps.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = László Z, Sólyom K, Prázsmári H, Barta Z, Tóthmérész B | title = Predation on rose galls: parasitoids and predators determine gall size through directional selection | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = e99806 | date = 11 June 2014 | pmid = 24918448 | pmc = 4053394 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0099806 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...999806L | doi-access = free }}</ref>