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Stable nuclide
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== List of stable nuclides == The primordial radionuclides are included for comparison; they are italicized and offset from the list of stable nuclides proper. {{div col|colwidth=19em}} {{ordered list | list-style-type = decimal|[[Hydrogen-1]]|Hydrogen-2 ([[deuterium]])|[[Helium-3]]|[[Helium-4]] : ''no mass number 5''|[[Lithium-6]]|[[Lithium-7]] : ''no mass number 8''|[[Beryllium-9]]|[[Boron-10]]|[[Boron-11]]|[[Carbon-12]]|[[Carbon-13]]|[[Nitrogen-14]]|[[Nitrogen-15]]|[[Oxygen-16]]|[[Oxygen-17]]|[[Oxygen-18]]|[[Fluorine-19]]|[[Neon-20]]|[[Neon-21]]|[[Neon-22]]|[[Sodium-23]]|[[Magnesium-24]]|[[Magnesium-25]]|[[Magnesium-26]]|[[Aluminium-27]]|[[Silicon-28]]|[[Silicon-29]]|[[Silicon-30]]|[[Phosphorus-31]]|[[Sulfur-32]]|[[Sulfur-33]]|[[Sulfur-34]]|[[Sulfur-36]]|[[Chlorine-35]]|[[Chlorine-37]]|[[Argon-36]] (2E)|[[Argon-38]]|[[Argon-40]]|[[Potassium-39]] : ''[[Potassium-40]]'' (B, E) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Potassium-41]]|[[Calcium-40]] (2E)*|[[Calcium-42]]|[[Calcium-43]]|[[Calcium-44]]|[[Calcium-46]] (2B)* : ''[[Calcium-48]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (B also predicted possible)|[[Scandium-45]]|[[Titanium-46]]|[[Titanium-47]]|[[Titanium-48]]|[[Titanium-49]]|[[Titanium-50]] : ''[[Vanadium-50]]'' (B, E) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Vanadium-51]]|[[Chromium-50]] (2E)*|[[Chromium-52]]|[[Chromium-53]]|[[Chromium-54]]|[[Manganese-55]]|[[Iron-54]] (2E)*|[[Iron-56]]|[[Iron-57]]|[[Iron-58]]|[[Cobalt-59]]|[[Nickel-58]] (2E)*|[[Nickel-60]]|[[Nickel-61]]|[[Nickel-62]]|[[Nickel-64]]|[[Copper-63]]|[[Copper-65]]|[[Zinc-64]] (2E)*|[[Zinc-66]]|[[Zinc-67]]|[[Zinc-68]]|[[Zinc-70]] (2B)*|[[Gallium-69]]|[[Gallium-71]]|[[Germanium-70]]|[[Germanium-72]]|[[Germanium-73]]|[[Germanium-74]] : ''[[Germanium-76]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Arsenic-75]]|[[Selenium-74]] (2E)|[[Selenium-76]]|[[Selenium-77]]|[[Selenium-78]]|[[Selenium-80]] (2B) : ''[[Selenium-82]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Bromine-79]]|[[Bromine-81]] : ''[[Krypton-78]]'' (2E) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Krypton-80]]|[[Krypton-82]]|[[Krypton-83]]|[[Krypton-84]]|[[Krypton-86]] (2B)|[[Rubidium-85]] : ''[[Rubidium-87]]'' (B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Strontium-84]] (2E)*|[[Strontium-86]]|[[Strontium-87]]|[[Strontium-88]]|[[Yttrium-89]]|[[Zirconium-90]]|[[Zirconium-91]]|[[Zirconium-92]]|[[Zirconium-94]] (2B)* : ''[[Zirconium-96]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (B also predicted possible)|[[Niobium-93]]|[[Molybdenum-92]] (2E)*|[[Molybdenum-94]]|[[Molybdenum-95]]|[[Molybdenum-96]]|[[Molybdenum-97]]|[[Molybdenum-98]] (2B)* : ''[[Molybdenum-100]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide : [[Isotopes of technetium|Technetium]] – ''no stable isotopes''|[[Ruthenium-96]] (2E)*|[[Ruthenium-98]]|[[Ruthenium-99]]|[[Ruthenium-100]]|[[Ruthenium-101]]|[[Ruthenium-102]]|[[Ruthenium-104]] (2B)|[[Rhodium-103]]|[[Palladium-102]] (2E)|[[Palladium-104]]|[[Palladium-105]]|[[Palladium-106]]|[[Palladium-108]]|[[Palladium-110]] (2B)*|[[Silver-107]]|[[Silver-109]]|[[Cadmium-106]] (2E)*|[[Cadmium-108]] (2E)*|[[Cadmium-110]]|[[Cadmium-111]]|[[Cadmium-112]] : ''[[Cadmium-113]]'' (B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Cadmium-114]] (2B)* : ''[[Cadmium-116]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Indium-113]] : ''[[Indium-115]]'' (B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Tin-112]] (2E)*|[[Tin-114]]|[[Tin-115]]|[[Tin-116]]|[[Tin-117]]|[[Tin-118]]|[[Tin-119]]|[[Tin-120]]|[[Tin-122]] (2B)*|[[Tin-124]] (2B)*|[[Antimony-121]]|[[Antimony-123]]|[[Tellurium-120]] (2E)*|[[Tellurium-122]]|[[Tellurium-123]] (E)*|[[Tellurium-124]]|[[Tellurium-125]]|[[Tellurium-126]] : ''[[Tellurium-128]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide : ''[[Tellurium-130]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Iodine-127]] : ''[[Xenon-124]]'' (2E) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Xenon-126]] (2E)|[[Xenon-128]]|[[Xenon-129]]|[[Xenon-130]]|[[Xenon-131]]|[[Xenon-132]]|[[Xenon-134]] (2B)* : ''[[Xenon-136]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Caesium-133]] : ''[[Barium-130]]'' (2E) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Barium-132]] (2E)*|[[Barium-134]]|[[Barium-135]]|[[Barium-136]]|[[Barium-137]]|[[Barium-138]] : ''[[Lanthanum-138]]'' (B, E) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Lanthanum-139]]|[[Cerium-136]] (2E)*|[[Cerium-138]] (2E)*|[[Cerium-140]]|[[Cerium-142]] (α, 2B)*|[[Praseodymium-141]]|[[Neodymium-142]]|[[Neodymium-143]] (α) : ''[[Neodymium-144]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Neodymium-145]] (α)*|[[Neodymium-146]] (α, 2B)* : ''no mass number 147<sup>§</sup>''|[[Neodymium-148]] (α, 2B)* : ''[[Neodymium-150]]'' (2B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide : [[Isotopes of promethium|Promethium]] - ''no stable isotopes''|[[Samarium-144]] (2E) : ''[[Samarium-146]]'' (α) – probable long-lived primordial radionuclide : ''[[Samarium-147]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide : ''[[Samarium-148]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Samarium-149]] (α)*|[[Samarium-150]] (α) : ''no mass number 151<sup>§</sup>''|[[Samarium-152]] (α)|[[Samarium-154]] (2B)* : ''[[Europium-151]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Europium-153]] (α)* : ''[[Gadolinium-152]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (2E also predicted possible)|[[Gadolinium-154]] (α)|[[Gadolinium-155]] (α)|[[Gadolinium-156]]|[[Gadolinium-157]]|[[Gadolinium-158]]|[[Gadolinium-160]] (2B)*|[[Terbium-159]]|[[Dysprosium-156]] (α, 2E)*|[[Dysprosium-158]] (α)|[[Dysprosium-160]] (α)|[[Dysprosium-161]] (α)|[[Dysprosium-162]] (α)|[[Dysprosium-163]]|[[Dysprosium-164]]|[[Holmium-165]] (α)|[[Erbium-162]] (α, 2E)*|[[Erbium-164]] (α, 2E)|[[Erbium-166]] (α)|[[Erbium-167]] (α)|[[Erbium-168]] (α)|[[Erbium-170]] (α, 2B)*|[[Thulium-169]] (α)|[[Ytterbium-168]] (α, 2E)*|[[Ytterbium-170]] (α)|[[Ytterbium-171]] (α)|[[Ytterbium-172]] (α)|[[Ytterbium-173]] (α)|[[Ytterbium-174]] (α)|[[Ytterbium-176]] (α, 2B)*|[[Lutetium-175]] (α) : ''[[Lutetium-176]]'' (B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (α, E also predicted possible) : ''[[Hafnium-174]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (2E also predicted possible)|[[Hafnium-176]] (α)|[[Hafnium-177]] (α)|[[Hafnium-178]] (α)|[[Hafnium-179]] (α)|[[Hafnium-180]] (α)|[[Tantalum-180m]] (α, B, E, IT)* '''^'''|[[Tantalum-181]] (α) : ''[[Tungsten-180]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (2E also predicted possible)|[[Tungsten-182]] (α)*|[[Tungsten-183]] (α)*|[[Tungsten-184]] (α)*|[[Tungsten-186]] (α, 2B)*|[[Rhenium-185]] (α) : ''[[Rhenium-187]]'' (B) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (A also predicted possible) : ''[[Osmium-184]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (2E also predicted possible) : ''[[Osmium-186]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide|[[Osmium-187]] (α)|[[Osmium-188]] (α)|[[Osmium-189]] (α)|[[Osmium-190]] (α)|[[Osmium-192]] (α, 2B)*|[[Iridium-191]] (α)|[[Iridium-193]] (α) : ''[[Platinum-190]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (2E also predicted possible)|[[Platinum-192]] (α)*|[[Platinum-194]] (α)|[[Platinum-195]] (α)*|[[Platinum-196]] (α)|[[Platinum-198]] (α, 2B)*|[[Gold-197]] (α)|[[Mercury-196]] (α, 2E)*|[[Mercury-198]] (α)|[[Mercury-199]] (α)|[[Mercury-200]] (α)|[[Mercury-201]] (α)|[[Mercury-202]] (α)|[[Mercury-204]] (2B)|[[Thallium-203]] (α)|[[Thallium-205]] (α)|[[Lead-204]] (α)*|[[Lead-206]] (α)*|[[Lead-207]] (α)*|[[Lead-208]] (α)* : [[Isotopes of bismuth|Bismuth]] '''^^''' and above – :: ''no stable isotopes'' : ''no mass number 209 and above'' : ''[[Bismuth-209]]'' (α) – long-lived primordial radionuclide : ''[[Thorium-232]]'' (α, SF) – long-lived primordial radionuclide (2B also predicted possible) : ''[[Uranium-235]]'' (α, SF) – long-lived primordial radionuclide : ''[[Uranium-238]]'' (α, 2B, SF) – long-lived primordial radionuclide : ''[[Plutonium-244]]'' (α, SF) – probable long-lived primordial radionuclide (2B also predicted possible) }} {{div col end}} Abbreviations for predicted unobserved decay:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx | title=Nucleonica :: Web driven nuclear science | access-date=2014-06-14 | archive-date=2017-02-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219043412/http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bellidecay"/><ref name="Tretyak2002">{{Cite journal |last1=Tretyak |first1=V.I. |last2=Zdesenko |first2=Yu.G. |year=2002 |title=Tables of Double Beta Decay Data — An Update |journal=[[At. Data Nucl. Data Tables]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=83–116 |doi=10.1006/adnd.2001.0873 |bibcode=2002ADNDT..80...83T }}</ref> '''α''' for alpha decay, '''B''' for beta decay, '''2B''' for double beta decay, '''E''' for electron capture, '''2E''' for double electron capture, '''IT''' for isomeric transition, '''SF''' for spontaneous fission, '''*''' for the nuclides whose half-lives have lower bound. Double beta decay has only been listed when beta decay is not also possible. '''^''' Tantalum-180m is a "metastable isotope", meaning it is an excited [[nuclear isomer]] of tantalum-180. See [[isotopes of tantalum]]. However, the half-life of this nuclear isomer is so long that it has never been observed to decay, and it thus is an "observationally stable" [[primordial nuclide]], a rare isotope of tantalum. This is the only nuclear isomer with a half-life so long that it has never been observed to decay. It is thus included in this list. '''^^''' [[Bismuth-209]] was long believed to be stable, due to its half-life of 2.01×10{{sup|19}} years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. '''§''' [[Europium-151]] and [[samarium-147]] are [[primordial nuclide]]s with very long half-lives of 4.62×10{{sup|18}} years and 1.066×10{{sup|11}} years, respectively.
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