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Stanislavski's system
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===First Studio=== The First Studio of the [[Moscow Art Theatre]] (MAT) was a theatre studio that [[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislavski]] created in 1898 in order to [[Practice research|research]] and develop his system.<ref>Gauss (1999, 34), Whymann (2008, 31), and Benedetti (1999, 209β11).</ref> It was conceived as a space in which [[Pedagogy|pedagogical]] and exploratory work could be undertaken in isolation from the public, in order to develop new forms and techniques.<ref>Benedetti (1999, 155β156, 209) and Gauss (1999, 111β112).</ref> Stanislavski later defined a theatre studio as "neither a [[Studio theatre|theatre]] nor a [[Drama school|dramatic school]] for beginners, but a laboratory for the [[Experimental theatre|experiments]] of more or less trained actors."<ref>Stanislavski, quoted by Magarshack (1950, 78); see also Benedetti (1999, 209).</ref> The First Studio's founding members included [[Yevgeny Vakhtangov]], [[Michael Chekhov]], [[Richard Boleslavsky]], and [[Maria Ouspenskaya]], all of whom would exert a considerable influence on the subsequent [[history of theatre]].<ref>Benedetti (1999a, 210) and Gauss (1999, 32).</ref> [[Leopold Sulerzhitsky]], who had been Stanislavski's [[personal assistant]] since 1905 and whom [[Maxim Gorky]] had nicknamed "Suler", was selected to lead the studio.<ref>Benedetti (1999a, 209) and Leach (2004, 17β18).</ref> In a focused, intense atmosphere, its work emphasised experimentation, improvisation, and self-discovery.<ref>Leach (1994, 18).</ref> Until his death in 1938, Suler taught the elements of Stanislavski's system in its germinal form: relaxation, concentration of attention, imagination, communication, and emotion memory.<ref>Chamberlain (2000, 80).</ref> On becoming independent from the MAT in 1923, the company re-named itself the Second Moscow Art Theatre, though Stanislavski came to regard it as a betrayal of his principles.<ref>Benedetti (1999, 365), Solovyova (1999, 332β333), and Cody and Sprinchorn (2007, 927). Michael Chekhov led the company between 1924 and 1928. A decision by the [[Council of People's Commissars|People's Commissars]] and the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee of the Communist Party]] closed the theatre in 1936, to the bewilderment of its members. See Cody and Sprinchorn (2007, 927), Solovyova (1999, 331β332), and Benedetti (1999, 365).</ref>
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