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Stralsund
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==History== {{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |title_bg=#B0C4DE |title=Timeline of Stralsund<br><small>Historical affiliations</small> |fontsize=80% |quote={{Noflag|[[Principality of Rügen]]}} 1168–1325<br> {{flagicon image|Grunwald_Słupsk_i_Szczecin.svg}} [[Duchy of Pomerania]] 1325–1648 <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden.svg}} [[Sweden]] 1648–1807 <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[First French Empire|French Empire]] 1807–1809<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1750-1801).svg}} [[Ferdinand von Schill|Prussian rebels]] 1809<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[First French Empire|French Empire]] 1809–1810<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden.svg}} [[Sweden]] 1810–1812 <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[First French Empire|French Empire]] 1812–1813<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden.svg}} [[Sweden]] 1813–1814 <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Denmark.svg}} [[Denmark]], 1814-1815<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1750-1801).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]], 1815-1918<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Weimar Republic|German Reich]], 1918–1945<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg}} [[Soviet occupation zone]] 1945–1949 <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of East Germany.svg}} [[German Democratic Republic]] 1949–1990 <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany.svg}} [[Federal Republic of Germany]] 1990–present }} [[File:Stralsund (2013-07-23), by Klugschnacker in Wikipedia (9).JPG|thumb|Stralsund seen from [[Altefähr]]]] [[File:Stralsund, Stare Miasto.jpg|thumb|View over Stralsund from the tower of St Mary's]] [[File:Stralsunder Altstadt.JPG|thumb|Typical street view of Stralsund: patrician houses with high gables from different eras, including the remarkable [[Brick Gothic]] and Renaissance]] In the [[Middle Ages]] the Stralsund area formed part of the [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] [[Principality of Rügen]]. At that time the [[Dänholm]] isle and fishing village, both at the site of the latter city, were called ''Strale'' or ''Stralow'', [[Polabian language|Polabian]] for "arrow" (this meaning underlies the city's coat of arms, which shows an arrow). The full Polabian name can be rendered in [[Polish language|Polish]] as {{Lang|pl|Strzałów}}.<ref>S. Kozierowski, 1934. Atlas nazw geograficznych Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej. Poznań: Nauka i Praca.</ref> The village also had a ferry to the island of Rügen.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web | url= http://www.wismar-stralsund.de/en/the_cities/history | title= Two Cities – One Heritage. | publisher= Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar | work= History | access-date= 2013-04-07 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130515234609/http://www.wismar-stralsund.de/en/the_cities/history | archive-date= 2013-05-15 }}</ref> In 1168, following the [[siege of Arkona]], the Principality of Rügen became part of [[Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]]. In the course of [[Germans|German]] [[Ostsiedlung]], many German settlers, gentry and merchants were invited to settle in the principality, and they eventually populated the ''Strale'' settlement. Merchants from other countries as well as locals were attracted to the area and made up one third of the settlement's population. The Danish navy used the isle as well. When the settlement had grown to town size, prince [[Wizlaw I]] of Rügen granted [[Lübeck law]] to "our town Stralow" in 1234, although a significant settlement had existed long before the formal founding.<ref name="heritage"/> In 1240, when the prince gave additional land to the town, he called it ''Stralesund''. The success of the settlement challenged the powerful [[Free City of Lübeck]], which burnt Stralsund down in 1249. Afterwards the town was rebuilt with a massive [[town wall]] having 11 [[town gates]] and 30 watchtowers. The ''Neustadt'', a town-like suburb, had merged with Stralsund by 1361. ''Schadegard'', a nearby twin city to Stralsund also founded by Wizlaw I, though not granted German law, served as the principal stronghold and enclosed a fort. It was given up and torn down by 1269 under pressure from the Stralsund ''[[bourgeoisie|Bürger]]''. In 1293 Stralsund became a member of the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name=EBstral/> A total of 300 [[Cog (ship)|ships]] flying the flag of Stralsund cruised the [[Baltic Sea]] in the 14th century. In 1325 the [[Principality of Rügen]] became part of the [[Duchy of Pomerania]], Stralsund however maintained a considerable independence. In the 17th century opposing forces in the [[Thirty Years' War]] fought over Stralsund. In the [[Battle of Stralsund (1628)]], the Imperial (Catholic) forces commanded by [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]] besieged the city after the council refused to accept the [[Capitulation of Franzburg]]<ref name=Langer402403>{{cite book|title= Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit|editor1-first= Ivo|editor1-last= Asmus|editor2-first= Heiko|editor2-last= Droste|editor3-first= Jens E.|editor3-last= Olesen|first= Herbert|last= Langer|chapter= Die Anfänge des Garnisionswesens in Pommern|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nI9dItT816kC&pg=PA397|publisher= LIT Verlag|location= Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year= 2003|isbn= 3-8258-7150-9|language= de|pages= 402–403}}</ref> of November 1627. Stralsund resisted with [[Denmark|Danish]] and [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] support.<ref name=Langer402403/> The Swedish garrison in Stralsund was the first on German soil in history.<ref name=Langer402403/> With the [[Treaty of Stettin (1630)]], the city became one of two major Swedish forts in the [[Duchy of Pomerania]], alongside [[Stettin]] (now [[Szczecin]], Poland).<ref> {{cite book|title= Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit|editor1-first=Ivo|editor1-last=Asmus|editor2-first=Heiko|editor2-last=Droste|editor3-first=Jens E.|editor3-last=Olesen|first=Herbert|last=Langer|chapter= Die Anfänge des Garnisionswesens in Pommern |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI9dItT816kC&pg=PA397|publisher=LIT Verlag|location= Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2003|isbn=3-8258-7150-9|language=de|page=39}}</ref> After the war, the [[Peace of Westphalia]] (1648) and the [[Treaty of Stettin (1653)]] made Stralsund part of [[Swedish Pomerania]]. Lost to [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] in the [[Battle of Stralsund (1678)]], it reverted to Sweden in the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)]]. In the [[Great Northern War]] in 1715 [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] led the [[Battle of Stralsund (1715)|defence of Stralsund]] for a year against the united European armies. Stralsund remained under Swedish control until the [[Battle of Stralsund (1807)]], when [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s army occupied it. Seized by [[Ferdinand von Schill]]'s [[freikorps]] in 1809, it [[Battle of Stralsund (1809)|subsequently reverted to French control]], with Schill killed in action. With the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1815), Stralsund became a part of the [[Prussia]]n [[Pomerania Province (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] and the seat of a [[government region]] resembling the former [[Swedish Pomerania]]. Following the [[First World War]] Stralsund suffered the same sort of political unrest and unemployment that afflicted much of Germany. In May 1919 Stralsund workers clashed with police, and martial law was declared. In the early 1920s the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany|Independent Social Democratic Party]] (USPD) became the strongest party in Stralsund, but its political fortunes waned rapidly, and in September 1922 it reunited with the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD). The ''Stralsunder Zeitung'' was published as a local newspaper in Stralsund. In the national parliamentary election of May 1924, the conservative [[German National People's Party]] (DNVP) polled 8,547 votes in Stralsund, the SPD 3,534, the Communists 1,825 and the [[German People's Party]] (DVP) of Foreign Minister [[Gustav Stresemann]] 1,417. However, in keeping with national trends, [[Hitler]]'s [[Nazi Party|National Socialists]] made rapid gains in the late 1920s, and by the time of the last free national election in July 1932 the Nazis polled twice as many votes in Stralsund as the SPD. During the Nazi period (1933–1945), Stralsund's military installations expanded, and a naval training base opened on the nearby island of [[Dänholm]]. In [[World War II]] the city was subjected to [[Bombing of Stralsund in World War II|repeated Allied bombing]]. Attacks by the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1944 killed some 800 Stralsunders and destroyed an estimated 8,000 dwellings. The [[354th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|354th Rifle Division]] of the [[Red Army]] occupied Stralsund on April 28, 1945 – 10 days before the end of the war in Europe. Approximately half its population had fled. During the period of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR), Stralsund saw the construction of numerous ''Plattenbau'' prefabricated apartment blocks. Its economic life centered on the now state-owned shipyard, which largely focussed on building ships for the [[Soviet Union]]. After [[German reunification]] in 1990, the city's historic old town was thoroughly restored, and Communist-era apartment blocks were renovated and upgraded. In 2002 the old towns of Stralsund and [[Wismar]], some 120 km to the west, were listed as [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s. Stralsund's shipyard was privatized, and thereafter specialized in constructing container ships.
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