Editing Streamliner (section)

=== After World War II ===

==== Europe ====
[[File:BR601-BDE.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|A DB Class 601 ex TEE operating in [[Munich]] in 1986]]
In Europe, the streamliner tradition gained new life after [[World War II]]. In Germany, DRG Class SVT 137 trains resumed service, but at slower speeds than before the war. Based on the [[Franz Kruckenberg|Kruckenberg]] SVT 137, the [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]]'s (DB's) streamlined diesel-electric [[DB Class VT 11.5|Class VT 11.5]] (later renamed to DB Class 601) built in 1957 was used as the "[[Trans Europ Express]] (TEE)" for international high-speed trains.

From 1965, the DB used the streamlined electric locomotives [[DB Class 103]] with regular trains for high-speed service. From 1973, the DB used the [[DB Class 403 (1973)|DB Class 403]], a fully streamlined four-unit electric train with tilting technology. In East Germany, the {{ill|DR Class VT 18.16|de|DR-Baureihe VT 18.16}} was built for international express service.

The Swiss [[Swiss Federal Railways|SBB]] and the Dutch [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen|NS]] procured five diesel-electric [[SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4|RAm TEE I (Swiss) and NS DE4 (Dutch)]] trainsets for [[Zürich]]-[[Amsterdam]] and Amsterdam-[[Brussels]]-Paris services. One set was lost in an accident 1971. The remaining four sets operated as TEE trains until 1974, were transferred to Canada for use on the [[Ontario Northland Railway]] (ONR) in 1976. The ONR operated three trains on its [[Toronto]]–[[Moosonee]] line as the [[Northlander]] until 1992.

From 1961, the SBB used for TEE service the [[SBB-CFF-FFS RAe TEE II|RAe TEE II]], a set of five streamlined electric trains compatible with four different [[railway electrification system]]s. Italy used pre-war trains and new trains that the Italian State Railways—Ferrovie dello Stato (FS)—developed. The new trains included the [[FS Class ETR 300#Arlecchino (ETR 250)|FS Class ETR 250 ("Arlecchino")]], the [[FS Class ETR 300|ETR 300 ("Settebello")]], the [[Pendolino|ETR 401 ("Pendolino")]], the [[FS Class ETR 450|ETR 450 ("Pendolino")]] and the [[FS Class ETR 500|ETR 500]].

Streamliner service temporarily ended in the United Kingdom with the outbreak of WWII. During the war, the LNER and LMS streamlined locomotives had part of their streamlining removed to aid maintenance. By the late 1940s and early 1950s, the state of the railways was improving as deteriorated track conditions caused by delayed maintenance work were corrected. The repairs and new improvements enabled the railways to provide additional mainline trackage for high speed trains.

[[File:370003 Carlisle 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[British Rail Class 370]] passing [[Crewe]] in 1984]]
[[File:St Philip's Marsh - GWR 43002 Sir Kenneth Grange.JPG|thumb|left|[[British Rail Class 43 (HST)]] locomotive in [[Bristol]] in 2016]]

The first experiments with diesel streamliner services in the United Kingdom were the [[British Rail Classes 251 and 261|Blue Pullman]] trains introduced in 1960 and withdrawn in 1973. These provided {{convert|90|mph|km/h|adj=on}} luxury business services, but were marginally successful and ran only a little faster than mainstream services. The Blue Pullman was followed by research into streamlined trains and [[tilting train]]s, the first to enter passenger service, in 1976, being the diesel powered [[InterCity 125]] ([[British Rail Class 43 (HST)|Class 43]]), followed by the electric, tilting, [[British Rail Class 370]], and [[British Rail Class 91|Class 91]], in combination offering {{cvt|125|mph|km/h|adj=on}} streamlined train services across the United Kingdom.

High-speed service with the electric German [[ICE 1|ICE 1 (Class 401)]] began in 1991. The train, which has traveled at speeds of up to {{cvt|174|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} in revenue service, broke the speed record that the first DMU "Flying Hamburger" had set 1933 traveling between Hamburg and Berlin.

[[File:Gare de Paris-Gare-de-Lyon - 2018-05-15 - IMG 7493.jpg|thumb|A TGV 2N2 train in the [[Gare de Lyon|Paris-Gare-de-Lyon]] in 2018]]

A [[TGV]] high-speed test train set a [[Railway speed record|world record]] for the fastest wheeled train, reaching {{cvt|357|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/french-train-hits-357-mph-breaking-world-speed-record|title=French Train Hits 357 mph Breaking World Speed Record|date=4 April 2007|publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=11 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504144012/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,263542,00.html|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Conventional TGV services operate at up to {{cvt|200|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} on the [[LGV Est]], [[LGV Rhin-Rhône]] and [[LGV Méditerranée]].<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes-francaises/2007/12/17/04010-20071217ARTFIG00331-le-tgv-roulera-bientot-a-kmh-.php Le TGV ruler bientôt à 360 km/h] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512143524/https://www.lefigaro.fr/societes-francaises/2007/12/17/04010-20071217ARTFIG00331-le-tgv-roulera-bientot-a-kmh-.php |date=12 May 2021 }}, ''Le Figaro'' (in French), 17 December 2007.</ref> The power cars of the [[Euroduplex|TGV Euroduplex (2N2)]], which began commercial operations in 2011, have a more streamlined nose than do previous TGVs.

In 2015, ''[[Eurostar]]'' began to operate the [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) [[British Rail Class 374]], also known as the Eurostar e320, on its high-speed services through the [[Channel Tunnel]]. The train serves destinations beyond ''Eurostar's'' core routes to the [[Gare du Nord]] station in Paris and the [[Brussels-South railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Eurostar Velaro e320 enters passenger service|date=20 November 2015|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/eurostar-velaro-e320-enters-passenger-service.html|publisher=International Railway Journal|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125083923/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/eurostar-velaro-e320-enters-passenger-service.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Owned by [[Eurostar International Limited]] and capable of operating at  {{cvt|199|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}, the [[Aluminium|aluminum]] trains are sixteen-unit versions of the [[Siemens Velaro#Velaro e320 (Eurostar)|Siemens Velaro]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mobility.siemens.com/apps/references/index.cfm?z=1&do=app.detail&referenceID=1718&lID=1|title=High Speed Trainset Velaro Eurostar|publisher=[[Siemens]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723075500/https://www.mobility.siemens.com/apps/references/index.cfm?z=1&do=app.detail&referenceID=1718&lID=1|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== United States ====
High-speed steam service continued in the United States after World War II, but became increasingly uneconomical. The New York Central's [[New York Central Hudson|Super Hudsons]] went out of service in 1948 as the line converted to diesel for passenger service. The Milwaukee Road retired its high speed [[Hiawatha (Milwaukee Road trains)|Hiawatha]] steam locomotives between 1949 and 1951. The last of the Pennsylvania Railroad's short-lived [[Pennsylvania Railroad class T1|T1 class]] locomotives went out of service in 1952. All of those iconic locomotives were scrapped. The last steam streamliners built were three Norfolk and Western [[Norfolk and Western Railway class J (1941)|class J]] locomotives in 1950, which operated until 1959.

In 1951, the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] implemented regulations restricting most trains to speeds of {{cvt|79|mph}} or below unless [[automatic train stop]], [[automatic train control]], or [[cab signalling]] were installed.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=4424 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100624120252/http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=4424 |url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2010|title=Ask Trains from November 2008|date=23 December 2008|publisher=Trains Magazine|access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref> The new regulations minimized one of the key advantages of rail travel over the automobile, which became an increasingly attractive alternative as postwar construction of highway systems progressed. Rail operators marketed their services on the basis of luxurious sightseeing, as airlines increasingly competed with rail lines for long-distance travel.

In the mid-1950s, there were several attempts to revive the lightweight custom streamliner concept. None of these projects achieved any lasting impact on passenger service.

[[File:New York Central Aerotrain 1956.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1|[[New York Central Railroad|New York Central]]'s ''[[Aerotrain (GM)|Aerotrain]]'' at the [[Buffalo Central Terminal]] in 1956]]

The ''Train X'' project, first promoted by [[Robert R. Young]] no later than 1948,<ref>{{Citation|last=Young|first=Robert R.|title=Why "Train X"?|periodical=Railway Progress|date=May 1948}}</ref> resulted in low-profile [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] [[Baldwin RP-210|RP-210]] locomotives paired with articulated aluminum cars from [[Pullman Company|Pullman-Standard]]. Two trainsets were built in 1956 for the [[New York Central Railroad]]'s ''[[Xplorer (New York Central Railroad train)|Ohio Xplorer]]'' and the [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]]'s ''[[Dan'l Webster (train)|Dan'l Webster]]''. The pair were problematic and were withdrawn from service by 1960.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|author=Train Lover|date=4 March 2013|url=http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2287|title=Dan'l Webster and the Xplorer|work=Streamliner Memories|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106150720/http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2287|archive-date=6 January 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://yardlimit.railfan.net/baldwindiesels/rp210/|title=RP210 - Lightweight Streamlined Locomotives|work=The Baldwin Diesel Zone|publisher=railfan.net|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916131816/http://yardlimit.railfan.net/baldwindiesels/rp210/|archive-date=16 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[General Motors|GM]]'s project, originally called ''Train Y'',<ref>{{Citation|title=The train that rides on air|periodical=Look|date=14 June 1955}}</ref> was marketed as the ''[[Aerotrain (GM)|Aerotrain]]''. It featured a futuristic, automotive-styled [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] [[EMD LWT12|LWT12]] diesel–electric locomotive pulling aluminum coaches adapted from GM's long-distance bus design.<ref name=History>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.american-rails.com/aero.html|title=GM's "Aerotrain": History And Operation|publisher=American-Rails.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513070851/https://www.american-rails.com/aero.html|archive-date=13 May 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Knight|first=Nick|date=4 May 2016|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/05/04/streamliners-died-aerotrain-failed-capture-imagination-american-public|title=When Streamliners died! Aerotrain failed to capture the imagination of the American public|work=The Vintage News ]|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508110742/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/05/04/streamliners-died-aerotrain-failed-capture-imagination-american-public|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.carofthecentury.com/the_aerotrain.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050728153804/http://www.carofthecentury.com/the_aerotrain.htm |archive-date= 28 July 2005 |url-status= dead |title= The 'Aerotrain': GM's Most Modern Train |access-date= 16 October 2020 }} ''In'' {{cite web |url= http://www.carofthecentury.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050727085603/http://www.carofthecentury.com |archive-date= 27 July 2005 |url-status= dead |title= Automotive Hollywood: The Battle for Body Beautiful |access-date= 16 October 2020 }}
* {{cite web|author=GUSTAVTIME|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0V04DzE-VIY | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/0V04DzE-VIY| archive-date=10 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=High Speed Aerotrain!|format=video|date=6 December 2018 |access-date=18 May 2020|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} 10:39 minutes video showing internal and external views of a demonstration ''Aerotrain'' traveling at speeds of up to 80 miles (129 km) per hour as [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] No. 1000 and external views of ''Aerotrain'' No. 1001 traveling on the [[Sacramento Northern Railway]].</ref> Two trainsets were produced in 1955 and were trialed by several railroads, but no orders were forthcoming. The two demonstration units were eventually sold to the [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad|Rock Island Line]], which was already operating an EMD LWT12 paired with [[Talgo#Talgo II|Talgo II]] cars from [[American Car and Foundry Company|ACF Industries]] as the ''Jet Rocket''. Rock Island operated them in commuter service until 1966.

The ''Speed Merchant'' project also produced only two examples. They consisted of [[Fairbanks-Morse]] [[FM P-12-42|P-12-42]] locomotives paired with Talgo II cars from ACF Industries, and were used by the [[Boston and Maine Railroad]] for [[Speed Merchant (train)|commuter service]] and by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad's ''[[John Quincy Adams (train)|John Quincy Adams]]''. Both were retired by 1964.

In 1956, the [[Budd Company]] produced a single streamlined, lightweight, six car [[diesel multiple unit|DMU]] trainset that the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad operated as the ''[[Roger Williams (train)|Roger Williams]]''. After a short period of time in high speed service, the train was split up and the cars were used in service with the New Haven's other [[Budd Rail Diesel Car|RDCs]].

The advent of jet air travel in the late 1950s brought forth a new round of price competition from airlines for long-distance travel, severely affecting the ridership and profitability of long-distance passenger rail service. Government regulations forced railroads to continue to operate passenger rail service, even on long routes where, the railroads argued, it was almost impossible to make a profit.

Unlike air and automotive infrastructure, which federal and state governments subsidize, operating revenues entirely support privately-owned rail infrastructure in the United States.  By the late 1960s, most rail operators were therefore seeking to completely discontinue passenger service.

The lightweight custom streamliner concept was revived again in the 1960s with the [[United Aircraft|UAC]] [[UAC TurboTrain|TurboTrain]].  These articulated trainsets used [[gas turbine]] engines instead of reciprocating diesel engines for traction power.  They were operated by [[Penn Central Transportation Company|Penn Central]] and then [[Amtrak]] from 1969 to 1976, and in Canada by [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] and then [[Via Rail]] from 1969 to 1982.

Some [[Pennsylvania Railroad class GG1|GG1]] electric locomotives that the Pennsylvania Railroad once operated remained in service until 1983. The last EMD [[EMD E-unit|E-units]] in regular service were retired in 1993.

[[File:Acela Express at Union Station.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|An Amtrak ''Acela Express'' at [[Washington Union Station|Washington, D.C.'s Union Station]] in 2018]]

Amtrak has operated nearly all long-distance passenger rail systems in the United States since 1971. The [[Public transportation in the United States|publicly-financed rail company]]'s quest for greater fuel efficiency has led them to acquire and operate [[GE Genesis]] diesel-electric locomotives. In so doing, Amtrak reintroduced the lightweight, aerodynamic carbody construction that the ''Zephyr'' had pioneered in the 1930s.

Since 2000, Amtrak has operated high-speed ''[[Acela]]'' (named ''Acela Express'' until 2019) passenger trains that travel at speeds of up to {{cvt|150|mph|km/h}} in the [[Boston]] - [[Washington, D.C.]] [[Northeast Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dms.ntsb.gov/public/58000-58499/58167/585182.pdf|title=Northeast Corridor Employee Timetable #5|page=110|date=7 June 2020|publisher=National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak)|via=National Transportation Safety Board|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607005033/https://dms.ntsb.gov/public/58000-58499/58167/585182.pdf|url-status=dead}}.</ref> State governments and others in many areas throughout the United States have considered the construction of new high-speed lines, but rail travel is much less common in the U.S. than in Europe or Japan.

In 2008, California voters approved bonds to initiate construction of the [[California High-Speed Rail]] line, which would connect the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] and [[Southern California]]. Construction of the first segment, between [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]] and [[Merced, California|Merced]] in the Central Valley, began in 2015.

==== Preserved examples (United States) ====

[[File:Night session june 23 2011 033xRP - Flickr - drewj1946.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The restored [[Southern Pacific class GS-4]] [[Southern Pacific 4449|No. 4449]] (Daylight) operating in [[Tacoma, Washington]], in June 2011]]

After 26 years of service and traveling over {{convert|3000000|mi|km}}, the ''[[Pioneer Zephyr]]'' went to Chicago's [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]]. The ''[[Flying Yankee]]'', the third streamliner to enter service, is undergoing restoration to operational condition. The ''Silver Charger'' locomotive of the ''[[General Pershing Zephyr]]'' trainset remained in service until 1966 and is also undergoing restoration.

In December 1974, the streamlined steam-powered [[Southern Pacific 4449]] "Daylight" came off an outdoor public display to undergo a restoration and re-painting that enabled it pull the ''[[Freedom Train#The 1975–76 American Freedom Train|American Freedom Train]]'', which toured the 48 [[contiguous United States]] as part of the nation's 1976 [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial]] celebration.<ref>
Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url= http://www.4449.com/excursions/76freedom/index.html |title=Excursions: American Freedom Train |publisher=Friends of 4449 |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180703082012/http://www.4449.com/excursions/76freedom/index.html|archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Larry |last=Wines|url= https://www.freedomtrain.org/american-freedom-train-home.htm |title=The Story of the 1975 - 1976 American Freedom Train |work=Freedomtrain.org|year=2019|access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190410222906/http://www.freedomtrain.org/american-freedom-train-home.htm|archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Wes |last=Barris |url= https://www.steamlocomotive.com/events/aft/|title=The American Freedom Train |publisher=Steamlocomotive.com |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190712152236/https://www.steamlocomotive.com/events/aft/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url= http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/FreedomTrain.html |title=The Second Coming Of The Freedom Train |work=The American Freedom Trains Come To Pittsburgh: September 15–17, 1948 and July 7–10, 1976 |publisher=The Brookline Connection |access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190404183309/http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/FreedomTrain.html |archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Kelly |first=John |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-1975-and-76-an-artifact-filled-choo-choo-chugged-around-the-us/2019/05/25/321ecd3c-7e6e-11e9-a5b3-34f3edf1351e_story.html |title=In 1975 and '76, an artifact-filled choo-choo chugged around the U.S. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527221038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-1975-and-76-an-artifact-filled-choo-choo-chugged-around-the-us/2019/05/25/321ecd3c-7e6e-11e9-a5b3-34f3edf1351e_story.html|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> With the exception of occasional interruptions for maintenance and inspections, the restored locomotive has operated in excursion service throughout that area since 1984.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite book|last=Huxtable |first=Nils |year=2002 |title=Daylight Reflections, Vol. 1: From Daylight to Starlight |edition=1st |pages=75, 95 |publisher=Steamscenes |isbn=0-9691409-2-4}}
* {{cite web|title=Excursions: Bend, March 23-24, 2002 |url= http://www.4449.com/excursions/02returntofreedom/index.html |publisher=Friends of SP 4449 |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181002223537/http://www.4449.com/excursions/02returntofreedom/index.html |archive-date=2 October 2018}}
* {{cite web|url= http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/06/084449 |title=SP 4449 poised to steam in 2015 |last=Franz |first=Justin |publisher=Trains Magazine News Wire |date=8 June 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150612035232/http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/06/084449 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191107231134/http://www.4449.com/sp4449news.html |archive-date=7 November 2019 |url= http://www.4449.com/sp4449news.html |title=SP 4449 News and Recent Events |work=SP 4449|location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Friends of SP 4449 |year=2019 |access-date=7 November 2019}}
* {{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191103060100/https://www.ticketswest.com/events/detail/holiday-express-train |archive-date=3 November 2019 |url= https://www.ticketswest.com/events/detail/holiday-express-train |title=Holiday Express 2019 |work=Holiday Express Train |publisher=TicketsWest |year=2019 |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

The twice-restored streamlined [[Norfolk and Western Railway class J (1941)|Norfolk and Western Railway's steam-powered class J1 locomotive]] Number 611 operated in excursion service within the United States from 1982 to 1994 and from 2015 to 2017.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite book|last=Wrinn |first=Jim|year=2000|title=Steam's Camelot: Southern and Norfolk Southern Excursions in Color |edition=1st |publisher=TLC Publishing |isbn=1-883089-56-5 |pages=102–105}}
* {{cite web|title=Upcoming Events|url= http://fireup611.org/events |location=Roanoke, Virginia |
publisher=[[Virginia Museum of Transportation]] | year=2015 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150418164743/http://fireup611.org/events |archive-date=18 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=611 Spring Excursions|url= http://nctrans.org/Events/611-Spring-Excursions.aspx |location=Spencer, North Carolina |date=11 January 2016|publisher=[[North Carolina Transportation Museum]] |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160113230321/http://nctrans.org/Events/611-Spring-Excursions.aspx |archive-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=The Roanoker, Greensboro/Roanoke/Greensboro April 23 & 24 |url= http://fireup611.org/excursions/the-roanoker-greensbororoanokegreensboro-april-23-24 |year=2016 |location= Roanoke, Virginia |
publisher=Virginia Museum of Transportation |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160323221929/http://fireup611.org/excursions/the-roanoker-greensbororoanokegreensboro-april-23-24 |archive-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Excursion Tickets! |url= http://fireup611.org/excursions |location=Roanoke, Virginia |
publisher=Virginia Museum of Transportation |year=2016 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092322/http://fireup611.org/excursions |archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The locomotive has traveled for display at special events.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|title=611 Visits Strasburg – A Reunion of Steam |url= https://www.strasburgrailroad.com/ride/events/fire-up-611-a-reunion-of-steam/ |year=2019 |location=Ronks, Pennsylvania |publisher=Strasburg Rail Road |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190429185019/https://www.strasburgrailroad.com/ride/events/fire-up-611-a-reunion-of-steam/ |archive-date=29 April 2019}}
* {{cite web|last=Knight|first=Chris|date=22 August 2019 |title=Massive N&W; 611 train made its way to Strasburg Rail Road [photos] |url =https://lancasteronline.com/lanclife/massive-n-w-train-made-its-way-to-strasburg-rail/collection_b0f4c4a2-c45c-11e9-8549-0335a14859d0.html |work=LNP Media Group |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822010349/https://lancasteronline.com/lanclife/massive-n-w-train-made-its-way-to-strasburg-rail/collection_b0f4c4a2-c45c-11e9-8549-0335a14859d0.html |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

Examples of the pre-World War II "slant nose" EMC [[EMC EA/EB|EA]], [[EMC E3|E3]], [[EMC E5|E5]], and [[EMC E6|E6]] locomotives are on display at the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum]], the [[North Carolina Transportation Museum]], the [[Illinois Railway Museum]], and the [[Kentucky Railway Museum]]. The stainless steel clad E5 is occasionally matched with one of the original ''[[Denver Zephyr]]'' car sets for excursion service. As of 2017, the Rock Island No.{{sp}}630 E6 unit was under restoration for display in Iowa.

The EMD LWT12 locomotives and several passenger cars of GM's two ''Aerotrains'' are presently on display within the United States. The [[National Railroad Museum]] in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]] now exhibits the [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad]]'s ''Aerotrain'' locomotive No.{{sp}}2 and two passenger cars.<ref name=History/><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|title=The General Motors Aerotrain|url=https://nationalrrmuseum.org/exhibits/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406163503/https://nationalrrmuseum.org/exhibits/|archive-date=6 April 2020|access-date=4 May 2020|publisher=National Railroad Museum|location=Green Bay, Wisconsin}} Note: Page contains a description of the ''Aerotrain'' and an image of the front of ''Aerotrain'' locomotive number 2.
* {{cite web|date=August 1970|title=Aerotrain No. 2|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/camperdown/5964104414/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514080311/https://www.flickr.com/photos/camperdown/5964104414/|archive-date=14 May 2020|url-status=live|format=photograph|via=Flickr|quote=Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific RR ... "Aerotrain No. 2" at the National Railroad Museum, Green Bay, 8/70}}.<br />Note: Photograph shows a train apparently consisting of Rock Island ''Aerotrain'' locomotive number 2, two ''Aerotrain'' coaches and additional non-''Aerotrain'' coaches.</ref> The [[National Museum of Transportation]] in [[Kirkwood, Missouri]] (near [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]) exhibits the Rock Island's locomotive No.{{sp}}3 and two passenger cars.<ref name=History/><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web |url=https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |title=1955: Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific "Aerotrain" #3 |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=The National Museum of Transportation |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027170601/https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|url=http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2248|title=The Aerotrain|work=Streamliner Memories|date=28 February 2013|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513011003/http://streamlinermemories.info/?p=2248|archive-date=13 May 2020}}.
* {{cite web |url=https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |title=1955: Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific "Aerotrain" #3 |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=National Museum of Transportation |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027170601/https://tnmot.org/the-collection/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 }}.
* {{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oItV2ymPPGM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/oItV2ymPPGM| archive-date=9 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Living St. Louis - Aerotrain | date=2 April 2008|format=video |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=[[KETC]]|quote=Producer Jim Kirchherr visits the Museum of Transportation where the GM Aerotrain is on display. |via=YouTube |access-date=25 May 2020}}{{cbignore}} Video: 9:12 minutes.
* {{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euMsBNe0n1E | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/euMsBNe0n1E| archive-date=9 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Science Matters - Episode 126 - Aerotrain |format=video |date=1 October 2015|access-date=15 May 2020 |via=YouTube |quote=The Aerotrain on display at the Museum of Transportation did not live up to its billing as "the train of the future" despite its modern styling and engineering innovations.}}{{cbignore}} Video: 8:06 minutes.</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Jnr.kuha86065.jpg|thumb|A JNR 80-0 series train at the [[Nakatsugawa, Gifu|Nakatsugawa]] station on the [[Chūō Main Line]] in 1979]]

After World War II, Japanese railroads favored [[multiple unit]] trains, even on their mainlines. In 1949, the [[Japanese National Railways]] (JNR) released the [[80 series]] EMUs for use on long-distance trains. Lead coaches of the 80 series built after 1950 incorporated a streamlined design.

In 1957, [[Odakyu Electric Railway]] released the [[Odakyū 3000 series SE|3000 series]] EMUs. The exterior design was developed using a [[wind tunnel]] intended for aircraft.

An Odakyu 3000 set a world [[railway speed record]] of {{cvt|90|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} for a narrow-gauge train. Multiple unit trains were thus shown to be suitable for long-distance trains by the JNR Series 80 and for high-speed trains by the Odakyu 3000.

These experiences led to the development of the first [[Shinkansen]], the [[0 Series Shinkansen|0 Series]]. The Odakyu 3000 strongly influenced the 0 series, which was also developed using a wind tunnel.

The lead coaches of the 0 series were developed using a [[Douglas DC-8]] for a reference. At a speed of {{cvt|120|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}, the aerodynamic style of the 0 series "bullet train" had a substantial effect on reducing air resistance.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite journal|first=Yoshio|last=Ubukata|title=50 years of streamlined EMUs and DMUs in Japan|journal=The Railway Pictorial|number=426|date=January 1984|pages=16–22|location=Tokyo|publisher=Denkisha Kenkyukai|language=Japanese}}
* {{cite journal|first=Shinichi|last=Tanaka|title=Streamlined style of Shinkansen rolling stocks|journal=The Railway Pictorial|number=426|date=January 1984|pages=29–31|location=Tokyo|publisher=Denkisha Kenkyukai|language=Japanese}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Central Japan Railway Company]] (JR Central) began operating the [[N700S]], the most recent addition to the [[N700 Series Shinkansen]]. The 16-car train reached its design speed of {{cvt|225|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}} in trials conducted in 2019 on the [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen|Tokaido Shinkansen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trafficnews.jp/post/84688|script-title=ja: 360km/h試験、次世代新幹線「N700S」の確認試験車で実施へ JR東海|trans-title=360 km/h test, to be carried out with confirmation test vehicle of the next-generation Shinkansen "N700S"|publisher=[[Central Japan Railway Company]] (JR Central)|language=ja|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927092220/https://trafficnews.jp/post/84688|archive-date=27 September 2020|url-status=live |date=25 March 2019 }}</ref>

[[File:Series L0.JPG|thumb|A JR Central L0 series five-car maglev train operating on the [[Chūō Shinkansen#Miyazaki and Yamanashi Test Tracks|Yamanashi Test Track]] in 2013]]

The JR Central is presently developing and testing the [[L0 series]] high-speed [[maglev]] train. The JR Central plans to use the streamlined train on the [[Chūō Shinkansen]] railway line between [[Tokyo]] and [[Nagoya]], which is under construction. The railroad expects to open the line in 2027 and to later extend it to [[Osaka]].<ref name=beginservice>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|first=Yoko|last=Wakatsuki|date=21 April 2015|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/21/asia/japan-maglev-train-world-record/index.html|title=Japan maglev train sets world record|work=On Japan|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524151535/https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/21/asia/japan-maglev-train-world-record/index.html|archive-date=24 May 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run|title=Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record with 600 km/h test run|date=21 April 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian News and Media Limited]]|location=United Kingdom|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050839/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run|archive-date=18 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=[[Kyodo News]]|date=2 June 2011|
title=JR Tokai to list sites for maglev stations in June|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|page=9}}</ref>

A seven-car L0 series train set a world railway speed record of {{cvt|374|mph|km/h|order=flip}} in 2015.<ref name=beginservice/> The railway plans to operate the train at a maximum speed of {{cvt|310|mph|km/h}} when in revenue service.<ref name="bloomberg2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/123-MS4JM56K50Y001.html|script-title=ja: ＪＲ東海：リニア時速500キロ、試験再開－通勤圏拡大で激変も|trans-title=JR Central: Maglev testing at 500 km/h resumes – Expanded commuter area to create major upheavals|date=29 August 2013|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|location=New York|language=ja|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183115/http://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/123-MS4JM56K50Y001.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The train's speed would exceed that of the world's fastest commercial electric train, the Chinese [[Shanghai maglev train|Shanghai maglev]], whose cruising speed is {{cvt|268|mph|km/h|order=flip}}.<ref name=beginservice/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Hugh|title=How we can make super-fast hyperloop travel a reality|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|access-date=6 June 2021|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=19 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228163230/https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>