Editing Subatomic particle (section)

== Other properties ==
All observable subatomic particles have their electric charge an [[integer]] multiple of the [[elementary charge]]. The Standard Model's quarks have "non-integer" electric charges, namely, multiple of {{sfrac|1|3}}&nbsp;''e'', but quarks (and other combinations with non-integer electric charge) cannot be isolated due to [[color confinement]]. For baryons, mesons, and their antiparticles the constituent quarks' charges sum up to an integer multiple of ''e''.

Through the work of [[Albert Einstein]], [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], [[Louis de Broglie]], and many others, current scientific theory holds that ''all'' particles also have a wave nature.<ref>
{{cite book
 | first = Walter
 | last = Greiner
 | date = 2001
 | title = Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7qCMUfwoQcAC&pg=PA29
 | page = 29
 | publisher = [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]]
 | isbn = 978-3-540-67458-0
}}</ref> This has been verified not only for elementary particles but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules. In fact, according to traditional formulations of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, wave–particle duality applies to all objects, even macroscopic ones; although the wave properties of macroscopic objects cannot be detected due to their small wavelengths.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=Eisberg, R.
 |author2=Resnick, R.
 |name-list-style=amp
 |date=1985
 |title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles
 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
 |edition=2nd
 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/quantumphysicsof00eisb/page/59 59–60]
 |isbn=978-0-471-87373-0
 |quote=For both large and small wavelengths, both matter and radiation have both particle and wave aspects. [...] But the wave aspects of their motion become more difficult to observe as their wavelengths become shorter. [...] For ordinary macroscopic particles the mass is so large that the momentum is always sufficiently large to make the de Broglie wavelength small enough to be beyond the range of experimental detection, and classical mechanics reigns supreme.
 |url=https://archive.org/details/quantumphysicsof00eisb/page/59
}}</ref>

Interactions between particles have been scrutinized for many centuries, and a few simple laws underpin how particles behave in collisions and interactions. The most fundamental of these are the laws of [[conservation of energy]] and [[conservation of momentum]], which let us make calculations of particle interactions on scales of magnitude that range from stars to quarks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Isaac |title=The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |title-link=Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica |year=1687 |location=England |chapter=Axioms or Laws of Motion}}</ref> These are the prerequisite basics of [[Newtonian mechanics]], a series of statements and equations in ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', originally published in 1687.