Editing Substance abuse (section)

===Impulsivity===
[[Impulsivity]] is characterized by actions based on sudden desires, whims, or inclinations rather than careful thought.<ref>{{cite book |last=VandenBos |first=G. R. |year=2007 |pages=470 |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/apadictionaryofp00vand |url-access=registration |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |isbn=9781591473800 }}</ref> Individuals with substance abuse have higher levels of impulsivity,<ref name="Moeller">{{Cite journal |last1=Moeller |first1=F. Gerard |last2=Barratt |first2=Ernest S. |last3=Dougherty |first3=Donald M. |last4=Schmitz |first4=Joy M. |last5=Swann |first5=Alan C. |date=November 2001 |title=Psychiatric Aspects of Impulsivity |url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783 |url-status=dead |journal=[[The American Journal of Psychiatry]] |language=en |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=1783–1793 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=11691682 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415163112/http://journals.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=175139%23R15811CCHGHBGG |archive-date=April 15, 2013|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and individuals who use multiple drugs tend to be more impulsive.<ref name = Moeller/> A number of studies using the [[Iowa gambling task]] as a measure for impulsive behavior found that drug using populations made more risky choices compared to healthy controls.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 3152830 | pmid=21836771 | doi=10.1002/bdm.641 | volume=22 | issue=4 | title=Similar Processes Despite Divergent Behavior in Two Commonly Used Measures of Risky Decision Making | year=2009 | journal=J Behav Decis Mak | pages=435–454 |vauthors=Bishara AJ, Pleskac TJ, Fridberg DJ, Yechiam E, Lucas J, Busemeyer JR, Finn PR, Stout JC }}</ref> There is a hypothesis that the loss of impulse control may be due to impaired [[inhibitory control]] resulting from drug induced changes that take place in the frontal cortex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kreek |first1=Mary Jeanne |last2=Nielsen |first2=David A |last3=Butelman |first3=Eduardo R |last4=LaForge |first4=K Steven |title=Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction |journal=Nature Neuroscience |date=26 October 2005 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1450–1457 |doi=10.1038/nn1583|pmid=16251987 |s2cid=12589277 }}</ref> The [[neurodevelopmental]] and hormonal changes that happen during [[adolescence]] may modulate impulse control that could possibly lead to the experimentation with drugs and may lead to addiction.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2919168 | pmid=12777258 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041 | volume=160 | issue=6 | title=Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability | year=2003 | journal=Am J Psychiatry | pages=1041–52 |vauthors=Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN }}</ref> Impulsivity is thought to be a facet trait in the neuroticism personality domain (overindulgence/negative urgency) which is prospectively associated with the development of substance abuse.<ref name="NeuroticismMA">{{cite journal |author1=Jeronimus B.F.|author2=Kotov, R.|author3=Riese, H.|author4=Ormel, J.| year = 2016 | title = Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants | journal = Psychological Medicine | doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 | pmid=27523506 | volume=46 |issue=14| pages=2883–2906|s2cid=23548727|url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885}}</ref>
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