Editing Subthalamic nucleus (section)

=== Lateropallido-subthalamic system===
Strong reciprocal connections link the subthalamic nucleus and the external segment of the [[globus pallidus]]. Both are fast-spiking pacemakers. Together, they are thought to constitute the "central pacemaker of the basal ganglia"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Plenz D, Kital ST | title = A basal ganglia pacemaker formed by the subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus | journal = Nature | volume = 400 | issue = 6745 | pages = 677–682 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10458164 | doi = 10.1038/23281 | s2cid = 4356230 | bibcode = 1999Natur.400..677P }}</ref> with synchronous bursts.

The connection of the lateral pallidum with the subthalamic nucleus is also the one in the [[basal ganglia]] system where the reduction between emitter/receiving elements is likely the strongest. In terms of volume, in humans, the lateral pallidum measures 808&nbsp;mm<sup>3</sup>, the subthalamic nucleus only 158&nbsp;mm<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yelnik J | title = Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia | journal = Movement Disorders | volume = 17 | issue = Suppl. 3 | pages = S15–S21 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11948751 | doi = 10.1002/mds.10138 | s2cid = 40925638 }}</ref> This translated in numbers of neurons represents a strong compression with loss of map precision.

Some axons from the lateral pallidum go to the striatum.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sato F, Lavallée P, Lévesque M, Parent A | title = Single-axon tracing study of neurons of the external segment of the globus pallidus in primate | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 417 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–31 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10660885 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000131)417:1<17::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-I | s2cid = 84665164 }}</ref> The activity of the medial pallidum is influenced by afferences from the lateral pallidum and from the subthalamic nucleus.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith Y, Wichmann T, DeLong MR | title = Synaptic innervation of neurones in the internal pallidal segment by the subthalamic nucleus and the external pallidum in monkeys | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 343 | issue = 2 | pages = 297–318 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8027445 | doi = 10.1002/cne.903430209 | s2cid = 24968074 }}</ref> The same for the [[substantia nigra pars reticulata]].<ref name=Smith1990 /> The subthalamic nucleus  sends axons to another regulator: the pedunculo-pontine complex (id).

The lateropallido-subthalamic system is thought to play a key role in the generation of the patterns of activity seen in [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bevan MD, Magill PJ, Terman D, Bolam JP, Wilson CJ | title = Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus-external globus pallidus network | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 25 | issue = 10 | pages = 525–531 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12220881 | doi = 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02235-X | s2cid = 8127062 }}</ref>