Editing Suret language (section)

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonant inventory<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hertzron|first=Robert|title=The Semitic Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|pages=348–352}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Harrassowitz" />
|-
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=4| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyn-<br />geal]]
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2| <small>plain</small>
!colspan=2| <small>[[Pharyngealization|emp.]]</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|m}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|n}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>plain</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tˤ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPA link|c}}|| style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɟ}})
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|q}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}|| style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|pʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPA link|cʰ}})||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|kʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>plain</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tʃ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[sibilant]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|z}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|sˤ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|ʃ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>non-sibilant</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|f}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|v}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|θ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ð}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|x}}|| colspan="2" style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʕ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|w}}
| style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|l}}
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|j}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
'''Notes:'''
* In all NENA dialects, voiced, voiceless, aspirated and emphatic consonants are recognised as distinct phonemes, though there can be an overlap between plain voiceless and voiceless emphatic in sound quality.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar|url=https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan|url-access=limited|last1=Khan|first1=Geoffrey|date=2008|publisher=Brill|page=[https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan/page/n67 29]}}</ref><ref name="Brill">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |page=93}}</ref><ref name="The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu">{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Samuel Ethan |title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu |date=1997 |publisher=Harrassowitz |page=8}}</ref><ref name="Harrassowitz">{{cite book |last1=Odisho |first1=Edward Y |title=The Sound System of Modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) |date=1988 |publisher=Harrassowitz}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2019}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Koy Sanjaq (Iraqi Kurdistan)|last1=Mutzafi|first1=Hezy|date=2004|publisher=Harrassowitz}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2019}}
* In Iraqi Koine and many Urmian & Northern dialects, the palatals [{{IPA link|c}}], [{{IPA link|ɟ}}] and aspirate [{{IPA link|cʰ}}] are considered the predominant realisation of /{{IPA link|k}}/, /{{IPA link|g}}/ and aspirate /{{IPA link|kʰ}}/.<ref name="Harrassowitz"/>{{Page needed|date=July 2019}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar|url=https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan|url-access=limited|last1=Khan|first1=Geoffrey|date=2008|publisher=Brill|page=[https://archive.org/details/neoaramaicdialec00khan/page/n68 30]}}</ref><ref name="Brill"/>
*In the Koine and Urmi dialects, velar fricatives /{{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}}/ are typically uvular as [{{IPA link|χ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}}].<ref name="Harrassowitz" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Geoffrey|title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi|year=2016|page=48}}</ref>
* The phoneme /{{IPA link|ħ}}/ is in most dialects realised as [{{IPA link|x}}]. The one exception to this is the dialect of [[Hértevin language|Hértevin]], which merged the two historical phonemes into [ħ], thus lacking [x] instead.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Semitic Languages |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-05767-1}}</ref>
* The [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] /{{IPA link|ʕ}}/, represented by the letter ''[[ayin|'e]]'', is a marginal phoneme that is generally upheld in formal or religious speech. Among the majority of Suret speakers, [[ayin|'''e'']] would be realised as [{{IPA link|aɪ̯}}], [{{IPA link|eɪ̯}}], [{{IPA link|ɛ}}], [{{IPA link|j}}], [[Zero (linguistics)|deleted]], or even [[Gemination|geminating]] the previous consonant, depending on the dialect and phonological context.
* /{{IPA link|r}}/ may also be heard as a tap sound [{{IPA link|ɾ}}].<ref name="Harrassowitz" />
* /{{IPA link|f}}/ is a phoneme heard in the [[Tyari]], Barwari and Chaldean dialects. In most of the other varieties, it merges with /{{IPA link|p}}/,<ref>Rudder, Joshua. ''Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts''. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4610-2142-1}} Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190) scripts.</ref> though [{{IPA link|f}}] is found in loanwords.
* The phonemes {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} have allophonic realisations of [{{IPA link|θ}}] and [{{IPA link|ð}}] (respectively) in most Lower Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean dialects, which is a carryover of ''[[begadkefat]]'' from the Ancient Aramaic period.
* In the Upper Tyari dialects, /θ/ is realised as [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] or [{{IPA link|t}}]; in the Marga dialect, the /t/ may at times be replaced with [{{IPA link|s}}].
* In the Urmian dialect, /{{IPA link|w}}/ has a widespread allophone [{{IPA link|ʋ}}] (it may vacillate to [{{IPA link|v}}] for some speakers).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Aramaic| encyclopedia = The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary|publisher=William B Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA |year=1975|isbn=0-8028-2402-1}}</ref>
* In the Jilu dialect, /{{IPA link|q}}/ is uttered as a tense [{{IPA link|k}}]. This can also occur in other dialects.<ref name="The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu"/><ref name="Brill"/>
* In the Iraqi Koine dialect, a labial-palatal approximant sound [{{IPA link|ɥ}}] is also heard.<ref name=":2">[[Wolfhart Heinrichs|Heinrichs, Wolfhart]] (ed.) (1990). ''Studies in Neo-Aramaic''. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. {{ISBN|1-55540-430-8}}.</ref><ref name="Harrassowitz" />
*/{{IPA link|ɡ}}/ is affricated, thus pronounced as [{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}] in some Urmian, Tyari and Nochiya dialects.<ref>Tsereteli, Konstantin G. (1990). "The velar spirant 0 in modern East Aramaic Dialects", W. Heinrichs (ed.): Studies in Neo-Aramaic (Harvard Semitic Studies 36), Atlanta, 35-42.</ref> /{{IPA link|k}}/ would be affricated to [{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}] in the same process.
* /{{IPA link|ɣ}}/ is a marginal phoneme that occurs across all dialects. Either a result of the historic splitting of /g/, through loanwords, or by contact of [{{IPA link|x}}] with a voiced consonant.
*/{{IPA link|ʒ}}/ is found predominately from loanwords, but, in some dialects, also from the voicing of /{{IPA link|ʃ}}/<ref name="The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu"/> (e.g. ''ḥašbunā'' /xaʒbuːnaː/, "counting", from the root ''ḥ-š-b,'' "to count") as in the Jilu dialect.
*/n/ can be pronounced [{{IPA link|ŋ}}] before velar consonants [x] and [q] and as [{{IPA link|m}}] before labial consonants.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |page=107}}</ref>
* In some speakers, a [[dental click]] (English "tsk") may be used para-linguistically as a negative response to a "[[Yes and no|yes or no]]" question. This feature is more common among those who still live in the homeland or in the Middle East, than those living in the diaspora.

=== Vowels ===
[[File:Iraqi Koine Vowel Trapezoid.svg|thumb|upright=1.13|The vowel phonemes of Iraqi Koine]]
According to linguist [[Edward Odisho]], there are six vowel phonemes in Iraqi Koine.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> They are as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| /{{IPA link|i}}/
|
| /{{IPA link|u}}/
|-
! [[Half-close vowel|Half-close]]
| colspan="2" | /{{IPA link|ɪ}}/
| 
|-
![[Half open vowel|Half-open]]
|/{{IPA link|e}}/
|
|/{{IPA link|o}}/
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |/{{IPA link|ä|a}}/
|
|}

* {{IPA|/a/}}, as commonly uttered in words like ''n'''a'''ša'' ("man; human"), is central {{IPAblink|ä}} for many speakers. It is usually {{IPAblink|a}} in the Urmian and [[Nochiya tribe|Nochiya]] dialects. For some Urmian and [[Jilu]] speakers, {{IPAblink|æ}} may be used instead. In those having a more pronounced Jilu dialect, this vowel is mostly fronted and [[raising (phonetics)|raised]] to {{IPAblink|ɛ}}. In the [[Tyari]] and [[Barwari]] dialects, it is usually more back {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.<ref name=":0" />
*{{IPA|/ɑ/}}, a [[long vowel]], as heard in ''r'''a'''ba'' ("much; many"), may also be realised as {{IPAblink|ɒ}}, depending on the speaker. It is more rounded and higher in the Urmian dialect, where it is realised as {{IPAblink|ɔ}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
* {{IPA|/e/}}, heard in ''b'''e'''ta'' ("house") is generally diphthongised to {{IPA|[eɪ̯]}} in the [[Andaç, Uludere|Halmon]] dialect (a Lower Tyari tribe). To note, the [aj] [[diphthong]] is a [[Conservative (language)|vestigial]] trait of [[classical Syriac]] and thereby may be used in [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|formal speech]] as well, such as in [[Sacred language|liturgy]] and [[hymn]]s.<ref>Tsereteli, Konstantin G. (1972). "The Aramaic dialects of Iraq", Annali dell'Istituto Ori-entale di Napoli 32 (n. s. 22):245-250.</ref>
* {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, uttered in words like ''d'''ə'''dwa'' ("housefly"), is sometimes realised as {{IPAblink|ə}} (a [[schwa]]).
*The mid vowels, preserved in Tyari, Barwari, Baz and Chaldean dialects, are sometimes [[Raising (phonetics)|raised]] and [[Phonological change|merged]] with close vowels in Urmian and some other dialects:
**{{IPA|/o/}}, as in ''g'''o'''ra'' ("big"), is raised to [u]. The Urmian dialect may diphthongise it to {{IPA|[ʊj]}}.
**{{IPA|/e/}}, as in ''k'''e'''pa'' ("rock"), is raised to {{IPA|[i]}}.
*{{IPA|/o/}}, as in ''t'''o'''ra'' ("bull") may be diphthongised to {{IPA|[ɑw]}} in some Tyari, Barwari, Chaldean and Jilu dialects.
*Across many dialects, [[close vowel|close]] and [[close-mid vowel]]s are [[Near-close vowel|lax]] when they occur in a [[Syllable#Open and closed|closed syllable]]:
**{{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA|/o/}} is usually realised as {{IPA|[ʊ]}};
**{{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/e/}} is usually realised as {{IPA|[ɪ]}}.
East Syriac dialects may recognize half-close sounds as {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and also recognize the back vowel {{IPAblink|ɒ}} as a long form of {{IPA|/a/}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kaye|first1=Alan S.|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa; Volume 2|last2=Daniels|first2=Peter T.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1997|pages=127–140}}</ref>

===Phonetics of Iraqi Koine===
Iraqi Koine is a [[Dialect levelling|merged]] dialect which formed in the mid-20th century, being influenced by both Urmian and Hakkari dialects.
*Iraqi Koine, like the majority of the Suret dialects, realises {{IPA|/w/}} as {{IPAblink|w}} instead of {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. 
*Iraqi Koine generally realises the [[interdental fricative]]s {{IPAslink|θ}}, {{IPAslink|ð}} in words like ''ma'''ṯ'''a'' ("village") and ''rqa'''ḏ'''a'' ("dancing") as [[alveolar stop]]s {{IPAblink|t}}, {{IPAblink|d}} respectively.
*Dorsal fricatives /{{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}}/ are heard as uvular as [{{IPA link|χ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}}].
*Predominantly, {{IPA|/q/}} in words like '''''q'''alama'' ("pen") does not merge with {{IPA|/k/}}.
*The diphthong {{IPA|/aw/}} in words like ''t'''aw'''ra'' ("bull"), as heard in most of [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] dialects, are realised as {{IPAblink|o}}: ''t'''o'''ra''.<ref>[[Yona Sabar|Sabar, Yona]] (2003). "Aramaic, once a great language, now on the verge of extinction," in When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence, Joseph, DeStefano, Jacobs, Lehiste, eds. The Ohio State University Press.</ref>
*The {{IPA|[ʊj]}} diphthong in ''z'''uy'''ze'' ("money") is retained as {{IPAblink|u}}: ''z'''u'''ze''.<ref name="The British Survey 1968, page 3"/>
*Depending on the speaker, the [[velar stop]]s {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} may be affricated as {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} respectively.
*The {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} in some present progressive verbs like '''''č'''i'axla'' ("[she] eats") is retained as {{IPAblink|k}}: '''''k'''i'axla''.

===Phonetics of Chaldean-Neo-Aramaic===
====Consonants====
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Table of Chaldean Neo-Aramaic consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=4|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2|<small>plain</small> || colspan=2|<small>[[pharyngealization|emph.]]</small>
|- align=center
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | ||style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- align=center
! colspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|p}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|b}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|d}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|tˤ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|q}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
|- align=center
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|tʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|dʒ}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- align=center
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[sibilant]]</small>
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|sˤ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʒ}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- align=center
! <small>non-sibilant</small>
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|θ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ð}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ðˤ}}
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|x}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|ħ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʕ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
|- align=center
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɫ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|j}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- align=center
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|rˤ}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|}

*The Chaldean dialects are generally characterised by the presence of the fricatives {{IPA|/θ/}} (''th'') and {{IPA|/ð/}} (''dh'') which correspond to {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}, respectively, in other Assyrian dialects (excluding the [[Tyari]] dialect).
*In some Chaldean dialects {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ɹ}}. In others, it is either a [[Tap consonant|tap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or a [[Trill consonant|trill]] {{IPAblink|r}}.
*Unlike in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, the [[guttural]] sounds of {{IPAblink|ʕ}} and {{IPAblink|ħ}} are used predominantly in Chaldean varieties; this is a feature also seen in other [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]] languages.<ref>*Beyer, Klaus (1986). ''The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. {{ISBN|3-525-53573-2}}.</ref>{{Sfnp|Sara|1974}}

====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| 
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|ä|a}}
| 
|}