Editing Swim bladder (section)

==Risk of injury==

Many [[Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] activities, such as [[pile driving]] or even [[seismic waves]], can create high-intensity sound waves that cause internal injury to fish that possess a gas bladder. 
Physoclisti can not expel air quickly enough from the gas bladder, the organ most susceptible to sonic damage, thus making it difficult for them to escape major injury. Physostomes, on the other hand, ''can'' release air from their gas bladder expeditiously enough to protect it; nevertheless, they can not relieve pressure in their other vital organs, and are therefore also vulnerable to injury.<ref name="Halvorsen">{{Cite journal |last1=Halvorsen|first1=Michele B.|last2=Casper|first2=Brandon M.|last3=Matthews|first3=Frazer|last4=Carlson|first4=Thomas J. |last5=Popper |first5=Arthur N.|date=2012-12-07|title=Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=279|issue=1748|pages=4705–4714 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.1544 |issn=0962-8452|pmc=3497083|pmid=23055066}}</ref> Some of the commonly seen injuries include ruptured gas bladder and renal [[Haemorrhage]]. These mostly affect the overall health of the fish but not their mortality rate.<ref name="Halvorsen" /> Investigators employed the High-Intensity-Controlled Impedance-Fluid-Filled (HICI-FT), a stainless-steel wave tube with an electromagnetic shaker. It simulates high-energy sound waves in aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Halvorsen |first1=Michele B. |last2=Casper|first2=Brandon M. |last3=Woodley|first3=Christa M.|last4=Carlson|first4=Thomas J.|last5=Popper|first5=Arthur N. |date=2012-06-20|title=Threshold for Onset of Injury in Chinook Salmon from Exposure to Impulsive Pile Driving Sounds |journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=6 |pages=e38968 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038968 |issn=1932-6203|pmc=3380060 |pmid=22745695|bibcode=2012PLoSO...738968H |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beo6clij9YAC&q=hici-ft&pg=PA234|title=The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life|last1=Popper|first1=Arthur N.|last2=Hawkins|first2=Anthony|date=2012-01-26|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781441973115 |language=en}}</ref>