Editing Symbolic artificial intelligence (section)

===== Modeling implicit common-sense knowledge with frames and scripts: the "scruffies" =====
{{Main|neats vs. scruffies}}

Researchers at [[MIT]] (such as [[Marvin Minsky]] and [[Seymour Papert]]){{sfn|McCorduck|2004|pp=259–305}}{{sfn|Crevier|1993|pp=83–102, 163–176}}{{sfn|Russell|Norvig|2021|p=19}} found that solving difficult problems in [[computer vision|vision]] and [[natural language processing]] required ad hoc solutions—they argued that no simple and general principle (like [[logic]]) would capture all the aspects of intelligent behavior. [[Roger Schank]] described their "anti-logic" approaches as "[[Neats vs. scruffies|scruffy]]" (as opposed to the "[[neats vs. scruffies|neat]]" paradigms at [[Carnegie Mellon University|CMU]] and Stanford).{{sfn|McCorduck|2004|pp=421–424, 486–489}}{{sfn|Crevier|1993|p=168}}
[[Commonsense knowledge bases]] (such as [[Doug Lenat]]'s [[Cyc]]) are an example of "scruffy" AI, since they must be built by hand, one complicated concept at a time.{{sfn|McCorduck|2004|p=489}}{{sfn|Crevier|1993|pp=239–243}}{{sfn|Russell|Norvig|2021|p=316, 340}}