Editing Symbolic communication (section)

==== Nonverbal languages ====
While nonverbal communication is nonlinguistic and does not make use of words, there are certain systems designed for the disabled which, while not using any words, do have their own grammar and are considered linguistic forms of communication.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of human relationships|last=Reis, Harry T.|author2=Sprecher, Susan|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412958462|oclc=781174323|date=2009-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=Edward T.|last2=Ruesch|first2=Jurgen|last3=Kees|first3=Weldon|title=Nonverbal Communication: Notes on the Visual Perception of Human Relations|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=21|issue=6|pages=809|doi=10.2307/2088457|issn=0003-1224|jstor=2088457|year=1956|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/RUENCN}}</ref>

===== Tactile writing system =====
[[Braille]] is a form of tactile writing system. It consists of raised dots of which vary in number and arrangement to represent the letters of the alphabet, punctuation and letter groupings. Braille is read from left to right, with both hands. It allows people who are blind to visualize text through touch.

===== Sign language =====
For people who have hearing difficulties, [[sign language]] is sometimes employed to communicate. Sign language makes use of a combination of hand gestures, facial expressions, and body postures. Similar to speech, it has its own grammar and linguistic structure and may vary from each deaf community around the world.

===== Paralanguage =====
[[Paralanguage]] is a component of [[meta-communication]] that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], [[Pitch (music)|pitch]], [[loudness|volume]], [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], etc. Paralinguistic information, because it is [[phenomena]]l, belongs to the external speech signal ([[Ferdinand de Saussure]]'s [[Langue and parole|''parole'']]) but not to the arbitrary conventional code of language (Saussure's [[Langue and parole|''langue'']]).

===== Paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs) =====
This is a recent development that includes textual and online actions that seem to mirror the functions of paralanguage. ''Likes'' and ''Favorites'' are among the actions considered PDAs, as they contribute to feelings of social support even without the implicit meaning associated with them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wohn|first1=Donghee Yvette|last2=Carr|first2=Caleb T.|last3=Hayes|first3=Rebecca A.|date=2016-09-01|title=How Affective Is a "Like"?: The Effect of Paralinguistic Digital Affordances on Perceived Social Support|journal=Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking|volume=19|issue=9|pages=562–566|doi=10.1089/cyber.2016.0162|pmid=27635443|issn=2152-2715}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=Rebecca A.|last2=Carr|first2=Caleb T.|last3=Wohn|first3=Donghee Yvette|date=2016-01-02|title=One Click, Many Meanings: Interpreting Paralinguistic Digital Affordances in Social Media|journal=Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media|volume=60|issue=1|pages=171–187|doi=10.1080/08838151.2015.1127248|s2cid=53630100|issn=0883-8151}}</ref><br />This is also sometimes referred to as textual paralanguage (TPL).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luangrath|first1=Andrea Webb|last2=Peck|first2=Joann|last3=Barger|first3=Victor A.|date=2017-01-01|title=Textual paralanguage and its implications for marketing communications|journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=98–107|doi=10.1016/j.jcps.2016.05.002|issn=1057-7408|arxiv=1605.06799|s2cid=3748833}}</ref>