Editing Systemic bias (section)

==Versus systematic bias==
In [[engineering]] and [[computational mechanics]], the word ''bias'' is sometimes used as a synonym of [[systematic error]]. In this case, the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation, rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book |author=John Robert Taylor |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoer00tayl |title=An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements |publisher=University Science Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-935702-75-0 |page=94, §4.1 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned and planned, or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, ''systemic'' biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system, whereas ''systematic'' biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes. Consider the difference between affirmative action (systematic) compared to racism and caste (systemic).<ref>{{cite web |title=systemic |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/systemic |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}