Editing Tacit knowledge (section)

== {{Anchor|Nonaka's model}}Nonaka–Takeuchi model ==
{{Main|SECI model of knowledge dimensions}}
[[Ikujiro Nonaka]] proposed a model of knowledge creation that explains how tacit knowledge can be converted to explicit knowledge, both of which can be converted into organisational knowledge.<ref name=":1">[[Ikujiro Nonaka|Nonaka, Ikujiro]], and [[Hirotaka Takeuchi]]. 1995. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qxrPaU1-MC The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation]''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-509269-1}}. {{Internet Archive|id=knowledgecreatin00nona|name=Available}} {{Registration required}}.</ref> While introduced by Nonaka in 1990,<ref>[[Ikujiro Nonaka|Nonaka, Ikujiro]]. 1990. ''Management of Knowledge Creation''. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbun-sha.</ref> the model was further developed by [[Hirotaka Takeuchi]] and is thus known as the Nonaka–Takeuchi model.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Xu, F. 2013. "The Formation and Development of Ikujiro Nonaka's Knowledge Creation Theory. Pp. 60-76 in ''Towards Organizational Knowledge: The Pioneering Work of Ikujiro Nonaka'', edited by G. von Krogh, et al. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> In this model, tacit knowledge is presented variously as uncodifiable ("tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified") and codifiable ("transforming tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge is known as codification"). This ambiguity is common in the [[knowledge management]] literature.

Assuming that knowledge is created through the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge, the Nonaka–Takeuchi model postulates four different modes of knowledge conversion:<ref name=":1" />

# from tacit knowledge to tacit knowledge, or ''[[socialization]]'';
# from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, or ''externalization'';
# from explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge, or ''[[Combinational logic|combination]]''; and
# from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge, or ''[[Internalization (sociology)|internalization]]''.

Nonaka's view may be contrasted with Polanyi's original view of "tacit knowing". Polanyi believed that while [[declarative knowledge]] may be needed for acquiring skills, it is unnecessary for using those skills once the novice becomes an expert. Indeed, it does seem to be the case that, as Polanyi argued, when people acquire a skill, they acquire a corresponding understanding that defies articulation.<ref name="Schmidt" />