Editing Tarot (section)

== Playing card decks ==
{{Main article|Tarot card games}}
[[File:Joueurs de tarot.JPG|thumb|A French tarot game in session]]

The original purpose of tarot cards was to play games. A very cursory explanation of rules for a tarot-like deck is given in a manuscript by Martiano da Tortona before 1425. Vague descriptions of game play or game terminology follow for the next two centuries until the earliest known complete description of rules for a French variant in 1637.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dummett|first1=Michael|last2=McLeod|first2=John|author-link1=John McLeod (card game researcher)|title=A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack|date=2004|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|location=[[Lewiston, New York]]|pages=17–21}}</ref> The game of tarot has many regional variations. [[Tarocchini]] has survived in Bologna and there are still others played in Piedmont and Sicily, but in Italy the game is generally less popular than elsewhere.

The 18th century saw tarot's greatest revival, during which it became one of the most popular card games in Europe, played everywhere except Ireland and Britain, the Iberian peninsula, and the [[Rumelia|Ottoman Balkans]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parlett|first1=David|title=The Oxford Guide to Card Games|date=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-214165-1|edition=1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordguidetocar00parl}}</ref> [[French tarot]] experienced another revival, beginning in the 1970s, and France has the strongest tarot gaming community. Regional tarot games—often known as ''tarock'', ''tarok'', or ''tarokk''—are widely played in central Europe within the borders of the former [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian empire]].

{{anchor|Italian}}

===Italian-suited decks===
[[File:The Fool with zero, from Vergnano Tarot (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tarocco Piemontese]]: the ''Fool'' card]]

Italian-suited decks were  first devised in the 15th century in northern Italy. Three decks of this category are still used to play certain games:
* The [[Tarocco Piemontese]] consists of the four suits of swords, batons, cups and coins, each headed by a king, queen, cavalier and jack, followed by the [[pip cards]] for a total of 78 cards. Trump 20 outranks 21 in most games and the Fool is numbered 0 despite not being a trump.
* The [[Swiss 1JJ Tarot]] is similar, but replaces the Pope with Jupiter, the Popess with Juno, and the Angel with the Judgement. The trumps rank in numerical order and the Tower is known as the House of God. The cards are not reversible like the Tarocco Piemontese.
* The [[Tarocco Bolognese]] omits numeral cards two to five in plain suits, leaving it with 62 cards, and has somewhat different trumps, not all of which are numbered and four of which are equal in rank. It has a different graphical design than the two above as it was not derived from the [[Tarot of Marseilles]].

{{anchor|Portuguese}}

===Italo-Portuguese-suited deck===
The [[Tarocco Siciliano]] is the only deck to use the so-called [[Portuguese-suited playing cards|Portuguese suit system]], which uses Spanish pips but intersects them like Italian pips.<ref>[http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/ps-12.html Tarocco Siciliano, early form] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301162940/http://i-p-c-s.org/pattern/ps-12.html |date=1 March 2021 }} at the [[International Playing-Card Society]] website. Retrieved 26 July 2015.</ref> Some of the trumps are different such as the lowest trump, ''Miseria'' (destitution). It omits the Two and Three of coins, and numerals one to four in clubs, swords and cups: it thus has 64 cards, but the ace of coins is not used, being the bearer of the former [[stamp tax]]. The cards are quite small and not reversible.[[#cite note-8|<sup>[9]</sup>]]

{{anchor|Spanish}}

===Spanish-suited deck===
The sole surviving example of a [[Spanish-suited playing cards|Spanish-suited deck]] was produced around 1820 by Giacomo Recchi of [[Oneglia]], [[Liguria]] and destined for [[Sardinia]]. The plain suit cards are copied from the Sardinian pattern designed just ten years earlier by José Martinez de Castro for Clemente Roxas in [[Madrid]] but with the addition of 10s and queens. The trumps are largely copied from an early version of the [[Tarocco Piemontese]]. At that time, Liguria, Sardinia, and [[Piedmont]] were all territories of the [[Savoyard state]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dummett |first1=Michael |title=Il mondo e l'angelo: i tarocchi e la loro storia |date=1993 |publisher=Bibliopolis |location=Napoli |isbn=978-8870882728 |pages=406–407}}</ref>{{sfnp|Kaplan|2003|pp=355–358}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Cards and Games: The Stuart and Marilyn R. Kaplan Collection |url=https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-4740214 |website=[[Christie's]] |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>

{{anchor|French}}

===French-suited decks===
French-suited tarot decks are known as the oldest decks used for the Tarot. With the exception of novelty decks, French-suited tarot cards are almost exclusively used for [[card games]]. The earliest French-suited tarot decks were made by the de Poilly family of engravers, beginning with a [[Minchiate]] deck by [[François de Poilly]] in the late 1650s. Aside from these early outliers, the first generation of French-suited tarots depicted scenes of animals on the trumps and were thus called "[[Tiertarock]]" (''Tier'' being German for "animal") appeared around 1740. Around 1800, a greater variety of decks were produced, mostly with [[genre art]] or [[veduta]]. The German states used to produce a variety of 78-card tarot packs using Italian suits, but later switching to French suited cards; some were imported to France. There remain only two French-suited patterns of [[Cego]] packs - the Cego Adler pack manufactured by [[ASS Altenburger]] and one with genre scenes by [[F.X. Schmid]], which may reflect the mainstream German cards of the 19th century. Current French-suited tarot decks come in these patterns:

* {{Lang|de|[[Industrie und Glück]]}} – the ''Industrie und Glück'' ("Diligence and Fortune"{{efn|"Diligence and Fortune" is the contemporary meaning of the phrase ''Industrie und Glück''. See, for example, Placardi, Carl (1766). ''Das Kaiserliche Sprach- und Wörterbuch'', Cölln am Rhein: Metternich, pp. 72 and 83.}}) genre art tarock deck of Central Europe uses Roman numerals for the trumps. It is sold with 54 cards; the 5 to 10 of the red suits and the 1 to 6 of the black suits are removed. There are 3 patterns – Types A, B and C – of which Type C has become the standard, whereas Types A and B appear in limited editions or specials.
*''[[Tarot Nouveau]]'' – also called the ''Tarot Bourgeois'' – has a 78-card pack. It is commonly used for tarot games in France and for [[Danish Tarok]] in Denmark. It is also sometimes used in Germany to play [[Cego]]. Its genre art trumps use Arabic numerals in corner indices.
* ''[[Adler-Cego]]'' – this is an animal tarot that is used in the [[Rhine Rift Valley|Upper Rhine valley]] and neighbouring mountain regions such as the [[Black Forest]] or the [[Vosges]] It has 54 cards organized in the same fashion as the ''Industrie und Glück'' packs. Its trumps use Arabic numerals but within centered indices.
* ''[[Black Forest Cego|Schmid-Cego]]'' - this pack by [[F.X. Schmid]] is of the [[Bourgeois Tarot]] type and has [[genre scene]]s similar to those of the ''Tarot Nouveau'', but the Arabic numerals are centred as in the Adler-Cego pack.

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=220
|height=170
|mode=packed
|align=center
|File:Tiertarock - the Trull - IMG 7832.jpg|18th century [[Animal Tarot]]
|File:Salzburg Spielkarten c1840.jpg|Salzburg veduta trumps, {{Circa|1840}}
|File:Taroky trul.JPG|{{Lang|de|[[Industrie und Glück]]}} Tarock trumps
|File:Cego Animal Tarot Cards - Top 4 Trumps - IMG 7814.jpg|Adler [[Cego]] trumps
|File:Cego Bourgeois Tarot - Top 4 Trumps - IMG 7812.jpg|Cego [[Bourgeois Tarot]]
|File:Oudlers1910.PNG|[[Tarot Nouveau]] trumps {{Circa|1910}}
}}

{{anchor|German}}

=== German Tarock cards ===
From the late 18th century, in addition to producing their own true Tarot packs, the south German states manufactured German-suited packs labeled "Taroc", "Tarock" or "Deutsch-Tarok". These survive as "Schafkopf/Tarock" packs of the [[Bavaria]]n and [[Franconia]]n pattern. These are not true tarot packs, but standard 36-card [[German playing cards|German-suited decks]] for games like [[German Tarok]], [[Bauerntarock]], [[Württemberg Tarock]] and [[Bavarian Tarock]]. Until the 1980s there were also Tarock packs in the [[Württemberg]] pattern. There are 36 cards; the [[pip card]]s ranging from 6 to 10, Under Knave (''[[Unter (playing card)|Unter]]''), Over Knave (''[[Ober (playing card)|Ober]]''), King, and Ace. These use [[ace–ten ranking]], like [[klaverjas]], where ace is the highest followed by 10, king, Ober, Unter, then 9 to 6. The heart suit is the default trump suit.<ref name="DummettGame"/> The Bavarian pack is also used to play [[Schafkopf]] by excluding the Sixes.

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=300
|height=230
|mode=packed
|align=center
|File:Württembergischer Tarock.jpg|[[Württemberg Tarock]] cards
||Bavarian [[Schafkopf]]/[[Bavarian Tarock|Tarock]] cards
}}
{{Clear}}