Editing Template metaprogramming (section)

==Concepts==
The C++20 standard brought C++ programmers a new tool for meta template programming, concepts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/constraints|title=Constraints and concepts (since C++20) - cppreference.com|website=en.cppreference.com}}</ref>

[[Concepts (C++)|Concepts]] allow programmers to specify requirements for the type, to make instantiation of template possible. The compiler looks for a template with the concept that has the highest requirements.

Here is an example of the famous [[Fizz buzz]] problem solved with Template Meta Programming.

<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <boost/type_index.hpp> // for pretty printing of types
#include <iostream>
#include <tuple>

/**
 * Type representation of words to print
 */
struct Fizz {};
struct Buzz {};
struct FizzBuzz {};
template<size_t _N> struct number { constexpr static size_t N = _N; };

/**
 * Concepts used to define condition for specializations
 */
template<typename Any> concept has_N = requires{ requires Any::N - Any::N == 0; };
template<typename A> concept fizz_c = has_N<A> && requires{ requires A::N % 3 == 0; };
template<typename A> concept buzz_c = has_N<A> && requires{ requires A::N % 5 == 0;};
template<typename A> concept fizzbuzz_c = fizz_c<A> && buzz_c<A>;

/**
 * By specializing `res` structure, with concepts requirements, proper instantiation is performed
 */
template<typename X> struct res;
template<fizzbuzz_c X> struct res<X> { using result = FizzBuzz; };
template<fizz_c X> struct res<X> { using result = Fizz; };
template<buzz_c X> struct res<X> { using result = Buzz; };
template<has_N X> struct res<X> { using result = X; };

/**
 * Predeclaration of concatenator
 */
template <size_t cnt, typename... Args> 
struct concatenator;

/**
 * Recursive way of concatenating next types
 */
template <size_t cnt, typename ... Args>
struct concatenator<cnt, std::tuple<Args...>> 
{ using type = typename concatenator<cnt - 1, std::tuple< typename res< number<cnt> >::result, Args... >>::type;};

/**
 * Base case
 */
template <typename... Args> struct concatenator<0, std::tuple<Args...>> { using type = std::tuple<Args...>;};

/**
 * Final result getter
 */
template<size_t Amount>
using fizz_buzz_full_template = typename concatenator<Amount - 1, std::tuple<typename res<number<Amount>>::result>>::type;

int main()
{
	// printing result with boost, so it's clear
	std::cout << boost::typeindex::type_id<fizz_buzz_full_template<100>>().pretty_name() << std::endl;
/*
Result:
	std::tuple<number<1ul>, number<2ul>, Fizz, number<4ul>, Buzz, Fizz, number<7ul>, number<8ul>, Fizz, Buzz, number<11ul>, Fizz, number<13ul>, number<14ul>, FizzBuzz, number<16ul>, number<17ul>, Fizz, number<19ul>, Buzz, Fizz, number<22ul>, number<23ul>, Fizz, Buzz, number<26ul>, Fizz, number<28ul>, number<29ul>, FizzBuzz, number<31ul>, number<32ul>, Fizz, number<34ul>, Buzz, Fizz, number<37ul>, number<38ul>, Fizz, Buzz, number<41ul>, Fizz, number<43ul>, number<44ul>, FizzBuzz, number<46ul>, number<47ul>, Fizz, number<49ul>, Buzz, Fizz, number<52ul>, number<53ul>, Fizz, Buzz, number<56ul>, Fizz, number<58ul>, number<59ul>, FizzBuzz, number<61ul>, number<62ul>, Fizz, number<64ul>, Buzz, Fizz, number<67ul>, number<68ul>, Fizz, Buzz, number<71ul>, Fizz, number<73ul>, number<74ul>, FizzBuzz, number<76ul>, number<77ul>, Fizz, number<79ul>, Buzz, Fizz, number<82ul>, number<83ul>, Fizz, Buzz, number<86ul>, Fizz, number<88ul>, number<89ul>, FizzBuzz, number<91ul>, number<92ul>, Fizz, number<94ul>, Buzz, Fizz, number<97ul>, number<98ul>, Fizz, Buzz>
*/
}
</syntaxhighlight>