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Thorium dioxide
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===Lamp mantles=== {{Main|Gas mantle}} Another major use in the past was in [[gas mantle]] of lanterns developed by [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]] in 1890, which are composed of 99% ThO<sub>2</sub> and 1% [[cerium(IV) oxide]]. Even as late as the 1980s it was estimated that about half of all ThO<sub>2</sub> produced (several hundred tonnes per year) was used for this purpose.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=1425, 1456}}</ref> Some mantles still use thorium, but [[yttrium oxide]] (or sometimes [[zirconium oxide]]) is used increasingly as a replacement.
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