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Timeline of nuclear fusion
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==1980s== * '''1980''' ** Scientists in the Soviet Union report '''the first conical target fusion''', produced by the impact of a metal projectile containing deuterium, accelerated by chemical explosives to 5.4 km/s.<ref name="r848">{{cite journal |last=Anisimov |first=S. I. |last2=Bespalov |first2=V. E. |last3=Vovchenko |first3=V. I. |last4=Dremin |first4=A. N. |last5=Dubovitskii |first5=F. I. |last6=Zharkov |first6=A. P. |last7=Ivanov |first7=M. F. |last8=Krasiuk |first8=I. K. |last9=Pashinin |first9=P. P. |last10=Prokhorov |first10=A. M. |title=Generation of neutrons as a result of explosive initiation of the DD reactions in conical targets |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980ZhPmR..31...67A/abstract |journal=ZhETF Pisma Redaktsiiu |volume=31 |pages=67–70 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref> * '''1982''' ** HIBALL study by German and US institutions,<ref>...Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung; Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik</ref> Garching uses the high repetition rate of the RF accelerator driver to serve four reactor chambers and first-wall protection using liquid lithium inside the chamber cavity. ** [[Tore Supra]] construction starts at [[Cadarache]], France. Its [[superconductivity|superconducting]] magnets will permit it to generate a strong permanent toroidal magnetic field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-drfc.cea.fr/gb/cea/ts/ts.htm |title=Tore Supra |website=www-drfc.cea.fr |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115112229/http://www-drfc.cea.fr/gb/cea/ts/ts.htm |archive-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[high-confinement mode]] (H-mode) discovered in tokamaks. * '''1983''' ** [[Joint European Torus]], the largest operational magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment is completed on time and on budget. First plasmas achieved. ** The [[NOVETTE laser]] at LLNL comes on line and is used as a test bed for the next generation of ICF lasers, specifically the [[NOVA laser]]. * '''1984''' ** The huge 10 beam [[NOVA laser]] at LLNL is completed and switches on in December. NOVA would ultimately produce a maximum of 120 kilojoules of infrared laser light during a nanosecond pulse in a 1989 experiment. * '''1985''' ** National Academy of Sciences reviewed military ICF programs, noting HIF's major advantages clearly but averring that HIF was "supported primarily by other [than military] programs". The review of ICF by the National Academy of Sciences marked the trend with the observation: "The energy crisis is dormant for the time being."<ref>{{cite web |date=1986 |title=Review of the Department of Energy's Inertial Confinement Fusion Program |url=http://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21645 |author-last=National Research Council |publisher=National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21645}}</ref> Energy becomes the sole purpose of heavy ion fusion. ** The Japanese tokamak, [[JT-60]] completed. First plasmas achieved. * '''1988''' ** The [[T-15 (reactor)|T-15]], Soviet tokamak with superconducting helium-cooled coils completed. ** The Conceptual Design Activity for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ([[ITER]]), the successor to [[T-15 (reactor)|T-15]], [[TFTR]], [[Joint European Torus|JET]] and [[JT-60]], begins.<ref>{{cite web |title=The ITER story |url=https://www.iter.org/proj/iterhistory |website=ITER.org}}</ref> Participants include [[EURATOM]], Japan, the [[Soviet Union]] and United States. It ended in 1990. ** The first plasma produced at [[Tore Supra]] in April.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tore Supra Tokamak|url=http://www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr/cea/ts/resultats.htm|publisher=CEA|access-date=20 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211105510/http://www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr/cea/ts/resultats.htm|archive-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> * '''1989''' ** On March 23, two [[Utah]] electrochemists, [[Stanley Pons]] and [[Martin Fleischmann]], announced that they had achieved [[cold fusion]]: fusion reactions which could occur at room temperatures. However, they made their announcements before any peer review of their work was performed, and no subsequent experiments by other researchers revealed any evidence of fusion.
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