Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Tironian notes
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
===Use in the Middle Ages=== [[File:Tironian et Dunstan.jpg|thumb|upright 0.25|Tironian ''et'' in an Anglo-Saxon manuscript]] Entering the Middle Ages, Tiro's shorthand was often used in combination with other abbreviations and the original symbols were expanded to 14,000 symbols during the [[Carolingian dynasty]], but it fell out of favor as shorthand and was forgotten until interest was rekindled by [[Thomas Becket]], [[archbishop of Canterbury]], in the 12th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shorthand |first=Allien R. |last=Russon |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |date=15 August 2023 |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/shorthand |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> In the 15th century [[Johannes Trithemius]], abbot of the Benedictine abbey of [[Sponheim]] in Germany, discovered the ''notae Benenses'': a psalm and a Ciceronian lexicon written in Tironian shorthand.<ref>{{cite book |first=David A. |last=King |title=[[The Ciphers of the Monks: A Forgotten Number-notation of the Middle Ages]]}}</ref> In [[Old English]] manuscripts, the Tironian {{lang|la|et}} served as both a phonetic and morphological place holder. For instance, a Tironian {{lang|la|et}} between two words would be phonetically pronounced ''ond'' and would mean 'and'. However, if the Tironian {{lang|la|et}} followed the letter ''s'', then it would be phonetically pronounced ''sond'' and mean 'water' (ancestral to [[Modern English]] ''[[Sound (geography)|sound]]'' in the geographical sense). This additional function of a phonetic as well as a conjunction placeholder has escaped formal Modern English; for example, one may not spell the word ''sand'' as ''s&'' (although this occurs in an informal style practised on certain Internet forums and sometimes in texting and other forms of instant messaging). This practice was distinct from the occasional use of ''&c.'' for ''etc.'', where the ''&'' is interpreted as the Latin word {{lang|la|et}} ('and') and the ''c.'' is an abbreviation for Latin {{lang|la|cetera}} ('[the] rest').
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)