Editing Trait theory (section)

==List of personality traits==
After examining thousands of personality measures and numerous personality trait frameworks, researchers have created "super-frameworks" that aim to encapsulate all personality traits into a single model (e.g., Pan-Hierarchical Five Factor Model).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stanek |first1=Kevin |url=https://umnlibraries.manifoldapp.org/projects/of-anchors-and-sails |title=Of Anchors & Sails: Personality-Ability Trait Constellations |last2=Ones |first2=Deniz |date=2023-11-20 |publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing |s2cid-access=free |doi-access=free |isbn=978-1-946135-98-8 |doi=10.24926/9781946135988|s2cid=265335858 }}</ref> These models also sometimes identify measures that can be used to measure traits/constructs in the models.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Stanek |first1=Kevin C. |title=Taxonomies and Compendia of Cognitive Ability and Personality Constructs and Measures Relevant to Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology |date=2018 |work=The SAGE Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology and Employee Performance |pages=366–407 |url=http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-handbook-of-industrial-work-and-org-psychology-vol1/i3345.xml |access-date=2024-02-24 |place=Oliver's Yard, City Road London |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |doi=10.4135/9781473914940.n14 |isbn=978-1-4462-0721-5 |last2=Ones |first2=Deniz S.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Other examples of personality traits
|-
| [[Openness to experience]] || Composed of two related but separable traits, Openness to Experience and Intellect. Behavioral aspects include having wide interests, and being imaginative and insightful, correlated with activity in the [[dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]. Considered primarily a cognitive trait.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = DeYoung | first1 = C. G. | last2 = Peterson | first2 = J. B. | last3 = Higgins | first3 = D. M. | date = Aug 2005 | title = Sources of openness/intellect: cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality | journal = Journal of Personality | volume = 73 | issue = 4| pages = 825–58 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00330.x | pmid = 15958136 |name-list-style=vanc }}</ref>
|-
| [[Conscientiousness]] || Scrupulous, meticulous, principled behavior guided or conforming to one's own conscience. Associated with the [[dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = MacLaren | first1 = V. V. | last2 = Best | first2 = L. A. | date = Aug 2009 | title = Female students' disordered eating and the big five personality facets | journal = Eating Behaviors | volume = 10 | issue = 3| pages = 192–5 | pmid = 19665103 | doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.04.001|name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Heaven | first1 = P. C. | last2 = Mulligan | first2 = K. | last3 = Merrilees | first3 = R. | last4 = Woods | first4 = T. | last5 = Fairooz | first5 = Y. | date = Sep 2001 | title = Neuroticism and conscientiousness as predictors of emotional, external, and restrained eating behaviors | journal = International Journal of Eating Disorders | volume = 30 | issue = 2| pages = 161–6 | pmid = 11449449 | doi=10.1002/eat.1068|name-list-style=vanc}}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Casper | first1 = R. C. | last2 = Hedeker | first2 = D. | last3 = McClough | first3 = J. F. | date = Sep 1992 | title = Personality dimensions in eating disorders and their relevance for subtyping | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 31 | issue = 5| pages = 830–40 | pmid = 1400113 | doi=10.1097/00004583-199209000-00008|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Extroversion]] || Gregarious, outgoing, sociable, projecting one's personality outward. The opposite of extroversion is [[introversion]]. Extroversion has shown to share certain genetic markers with substance abuse. Extroversion is associated with various regions of the prefrontal cortex and the [[amygdala]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Luo | first1 = X. | last2 = Kranzler | first2 = H. R. | last3 = Zuo | first3 = L. | last4 = Wang | first4 = S. | last5 = Gelernter | first5 = J. | year = 2007 | title = Personality Traits of Agreeableness and Extroversion are Associated with ADH4 Variation | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 61 | issue = 5| pages = 599–608 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.017 | pmid = 17069770 | pmc=1853245|name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Wright | first1 = C. I. |display-authors=etal | date = Dec 2006 | title = Neuroanatomical correlates of extroversion and neuroticism | journal = Cerebral Cortex | volume = 16 | issue = 12| pages = 1809–19 | doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhj118 | pmid = 16421327 | doi-access = free|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Mendez | first1 = M. F. | last2 = Chen | first2 = A. K. | last3 = Shapira | first3 = J. S. | last4 = Lu | first4 = P. H. | last5 = Miller | first5 = B. L. | year = 2006 | title = Acquired extroversion associated with bitemporal variant of frontotemporal dementia | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1236218| journal = Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 18 | issue = 1| pages = 100–7 | doi = 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18.1.100 | pmid = 16525077 |name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agreeableness]] || Refers to a compliant, trusting, empathic, sympathetic, friendly and cooperative nature.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Rankin | first1 = K.P. |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 | title = Right and left medial orbitofrontal volumes show an opposite relationship to agreeableness in FTD | journal = Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders | volume = 17 | issue = 4| pages = 328–32 | doi = 10.1159/000077165 | pmid = 15178947 | pmc=2362501|name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Graziano | first1 = W. G. | last2 = Tobin | first2 = R. M. |display-authors=etal | date = Jun 1993 | title =  Genetic and environmental effects on openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness: an adoption/twin study| journal = Journal of Personality | volume = 61 | issue = 2| pages = 159–79 | pmid = 8345444 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb01030.x|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | pmid = 12322857 | volume=70 | issue=5 | title=Agreeableness: dimension of personality or social desirability artifact? | date=October 2002 | journal=Journal of Personality | pages=695–727 | last1 = Graziano | first1 = W.G.| last2 = Tobin | first2 = R.M.| doi=10.1111/1467-6494.05021|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neuroticism]] || Identifies people who are prone to psychological distress. Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to be anxious, depressed, self-conscious, impulsive, vulnerable and display angry hostility. "Neuroticism is the major factor of personality pathology."<ref name="EysenckEysenck">{{cite journal | last1=Eysenck | first1=Sybil B. G. | last2=Eysenck | first2=H. J.|name-list-style=vanc | title=Scores on Three Personality Variables as a Function of Age, Sex and Social Class | journal=British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology | publisher=Wiley | volume=8 | issue=1 | year=1969 | issn=0007-1293 | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1969.tb00588.x | pages=69–76| pmid=5781476 }}</ref> Neuroticism has been linked to serotonin transporter (5-HTT) binding sites in the [[thalamus]]: as well as activity in the [[insular cortex]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = J. L. |display-authors=etal | date = Jan 2006 | title = Neuroticism and introversion: a risky combination for disordered eating among a non-clinical sample of undergraduate women | journal = Eating Behaviors | volume = 7 | issue = 1| pages = 69–78 | doi = 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.07.003 | pmid = 16360625 |name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Takano | first1 = A. |display-authors=etal | date = Sep 2007 | title = Relationship between neuroticism personality trait and serotonin transporter binding | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 62 | issue = 6| pages = 588–92 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.007 | pmid = 17336939 | s2cid = 41664835|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Deckersbach | first1 = T. |display-authors=etal | year = 2006 | title = Regional cerebral brain metabolism correlates of neuroticism and extraversion | journal = Depression and Anxiety | volume = 23 | issue = 3| pages = 133–8 | doi = 10.1002/da.20152 | pmid = 16470804 | s2cid = 12798682 | doi-access = free|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref> Neuroticism also predicts the occurrence of more negative life experiences.<ref name="Jeronimus2014">{{cite journal|last1=Jeronimus|first1= B. F.|last2= Riese|first2= H.|last3= Sanderman|first3= R.|last4= Ormel|first4= J.|year=2014|title= Mutual Reinforcement Between Neuroticism and Life Experiences: A Five-Wave, 16-Year Study to Test Reciprocal Causation|journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=107|issue=4|pages=751–64|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264627671 | doi = 10.1037/a0037009|pmid=25111305|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
|-
| [[Honesty-humility factor of the HEXACO model of personality|Honesty-humility]] || Tendency towards sincerity, modesty, fairness, and greed avoidance. Those who score high on this trait feel little desire to manipulate others or to break the rules for personal gain.
|-
| [[Self-esteem]] || A "favorable or unfavorable attitude toward oneself".<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Morris|name-list-style=vanc|title=Society and the Adolescent Self-Image|year=1968|orig-year=1965|page=18|location=Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/societyadolescen0000rose_m3e5|isbn=0691028052}}</ref> An individual's sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself".<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|last1=Blascovich|first1=J.|last2=Tomaka|first2=J.|name-list-style=vanc|year=1991|chapter=Measures of self-esteem|editor-first1=J. P.|editor-last1=Robinson|editor-first2=P. R.|editor-last2=Shaver|editor-first3=L. S.|editor-last3=Wrightsman|title=Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes|volume=I|location=San Diego, Calif.|publisher=Academic Press}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Button | first1 = E. J. | date = Jan 1997 | title = Self-esteem, eating problems and psychological wellbeing in a cohort of school age 15–16: question and interview | journal = Int J Eat Disord | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 39–41 | pmid = 8986516 | doi = 10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199701)21:1<39::aid-eat5>3.0.co;2-4|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Strober | first1 = M. | year = 1983| title = Personality factors in anorexia nervosa | journal = Pediatrician | volume = 12 | issue = 2–3| pages = 134–8 | pmid = 6400211|name-list-style=vanc }}
|4={{cite journal | last1 = Eiber | first1 = R. |display-authors=etal | year = 2003 | title = Self-esteem: a comparison study between eating disorders and social phobia | journal = Encephale | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 35–41 | pmid = 12640325|name-list-style=vanc }}
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Harm avoidance]] || A tendency towards shyness, being fearful and uncertain, tendency to worry. Neonatal complications such as preterm birth have been shown to affect harm avoidance. People affected by eating disorders exhibit high levels of harm avoidance.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bulik | first1 = C. M. |display-authors=etal | year = 1997 | title = Eating disorders and antecedent anxiety disorders: a controlled study | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 96 | issue = 2| pages = 101–107 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09913.x | pmid = 9272193 | s2cid = 21378266 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> The volume of the left amygdala in girls was correlated to levels of HA, in separate studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbitofrontal, occipital and parietal regions.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Favaro | first1 = A. | last2 = Tenconi | first2 = E. | last3 = Santonastaso | first3 = P. | date = Apr 2008 | title = The relationship between obstetric complications and temperament in eating disorders: a mediation hypothesis | journal = Psychosomatic Medicine | volume = 70 | issue = 3| pages = 372–7 | doi = 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318164604e | pmid = 18256341 | s2cid = 347034|name-list-style=vanc }}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Iidaka | first1 = T. |display-authors=etal | year = 2006 | title = Volume of left amygdala subregion predicted temperamental trait of harm avoidance in female young subjects. A voxel-based morphometry study | journal = Brain Research | volume = 1125 | issue = 1| pages = 85–93 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.015 | pmid = 17113049 | s2cid = 16850998|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Peterson | first1 = C. B. | date = Jan–Feb 2010 | title = Personality dimensions in bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and obesity | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 51 | issue = 1| pages = 31–6 | doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.003 | pmid = 19932823 | pmc=2838502|name-list-style=vanc}}
|4={{cite journal | last1 = Gardini | first1 = S. | last2 = Cloninger | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Venneri | first3 = A. | date = Jun 2009 | title = Individual differences in personality traits reflect structural variance in specific brain regions | journal = Brain Research Bulletin | volume = 79 | issue = 5| pages = 265–70 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.03.005 | pmid = 19480986 | s2cid = 25490518 |name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Novelty seeking]] || Impulsive, exploratory, fickle, excitable, quick-tempered, and extravagant. Associated with addictive behavior.
|-
| [[Highly sensitive person|Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS)]] || The defining trait of [[highly sensitive person]]s, characterized by the increased depth of processing of sensory input that underlies HSPs' greater proclivity to overstimulation, emotional reactivity and empathy, and sensitivity to stimuli.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Aron | first1 = Elaine | last2 = Aron | first2 = Arthur | year = 1997 | title = Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality | url = http://www.hsperson.com/pdf/JPSP_Aron_and_Aron_97_Sensitivity_vs_I_and_N.pdf | journal = [[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]] | volume = 73 | issue = 2| pages = 345–368 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345| pmid = 9248053|name-list-style=vanc }}
|2={{cite journal | last1=Aron | first1=E. | last2=Aron | first2=A. | last3=Jagiellowicz | first3=J. | year=2012 | title=Sensory processing sensitivity: A review in the light of the evolution of biological responsivity | journal=Personality and Social Psychology Review | volume=16 | issue=3 | pages=262–282 | doi=10.1177/1088868311434213 | pmid=22291044 | s2cid=2542035 |url=http://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Pers-Soc-Psychol-Rev-2012-Aron-1088868311434213.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513150731/http://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Pers-Soc-Psychol-Rev-2012-Aron-1088868311434213.pdf |archive-date=May 13, 2015 |url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
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| [[perfectionism (psychology)|Perfectionism]] || "I don't think needing to be perfect is in any way adaptive." (Paul Hewitt, PhD)<ref>{{cite journal|first=Etienne|last=Benson|title=The many faces of perfectionism|date=November 2003|volume=34|number=10|journal=Monitor on Psychology|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

Socially prescribed perfectionism&nbsp;– "believing that others will value you only if you are perfect."

Self-oriented perfectionism&nbsp;– "an internally motivated desire to be perfect."

Perfectionism is one of the traits associated with obsessional behavior and like obsessionality is also believed to be regulated by the [[basal ganglia]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Halmi | first1 = K. A. |display-authors=etal | date = Nov 2000 | title = Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: variation by clinical subtype, obsessionality, and pathological eating behavior | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 157 | issue = 11| pages = 1799–805 | pmid = 11058477 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1799|name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Ruggiero | first1 = G. M. |display-authors=etal | date = Sep 2003 | title = Stress situation reveals an association between perfectionism and drive for thinness | journal = International Journal of Eating Disorders | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 220–6 | doi = 10.1002/eat.10191 | pmid = 12898558|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Hewitt | first1 = P. L. |display-authors=etal | year = 2008 | title = The impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on the cognitive, affective, and physiological experience of a clinical interview | journal = Psychiatry | volume = 71 | issue = 2| pages = 93–122 | doi = 10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.93 | pmid = 18573033 | s2cid = 1364808|name-list-style=vanc }}
}}</ref>
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| [[Alexithymia]] || The inability to express emotions. "To have no words for one's inner experience".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Muller|first=Rene J.|name-list-style=vanc|title=When a patient has no story to tell: Alexithymia|journal=Psychiatric Times|volume=17|number=7|year=2000|pages=1–6}}</ref> In studies done with stroke patients, alexithymia was found to be more prevalent in those who developed lesions in the right hemisphere following a [[cerebral infarct]]ion. There is a positive association with [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD), childhood abuse and neglect and alexithymia. Utilizing [[psychometric]] testing and [[fMRI]], studies showed positive response in the [[insular cortex|insula]], [[posterior cingulate cortex]] (PCC), and [[thalamus]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Frewen | first1 = P. A. | last2 = Pain | first2 = C. | last3 = Dozois | first3 = D. J. | last4 = Lanius | first4 = R. A. | date = Jul 2006 | title = Alexithymia in PTSD: psychometric and FMRI studies | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1071 | issue = 1 | pages = 397–400 | pmid = 16891585 | doi=10.1196/annals.1364.029| bibcode = 2006NYASA1071..397F | s2cid = 15031115 |name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal | pmid = 11192799 | volume=26 | issue=5 | title=[Alexithymia and depression in eating disorders] | year=2000 | journal=Encephale | pages=1–6 | last1 = Guilbaud | first1 = O. | last2 = Corcos | first2 = M. | last3 = Chambry | first3 = J. | last4 = Paterniti | first4 = S. | last5 = Loas | first5 = G. | last6 = Jeammet | first6 = P.|name-list-style=vanc}}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = G. J. |display-authors=etal | date = Aug 1997 | title = Alexithymia in patients with eating disorders: an investigation using a new projective technique | journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills | volume = 85 | issue = 1| pages = 247–56 | pmid = 9293583 | doi=10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.247| s2cid = 29307907|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
|-
| [[rigidity (psychology)|Rigidity]] || Inflexibility, difficulty making transitions, adherence to set patterns. Mental rigidity arises out of a deficit of the [[executive functions]]. Originally termed [[frontal lobe]] syndrome it is also referred to as [[dysexecutive syndrome]] and usually occurs as a result of damage to the [[frontal lobe]]. This may be due to physical damage, disease (such as [[Huntington's disease]]) or a [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxic]] or anoxic insult.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Peskine | first1 = A. | last2 = Picq | first2 = C. | last3 = Pradat-Diehl | first3 = P. | date = Dec 2004 | title = Cerebral anoxia and disability | journal = Brain Injury | volume = 18 | issue = 12| pages = 1243–54 | pmid = 15666568 | doi=10.1080/02699050410001719899| s2cid = 22416252 }}<
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Ho | first1 = Aileen K. | last2 = Robbins | first2 = Anna O. G. | last3=Barker | first3=Roger A.| date = Mar 2006 | title = Huntington's disease patients have selective problems with insight | journal = Movement Disorders | volume = 21 | issue = 3| pages = 385–9 | doi = 10.1002/mds.20739 | pmid = 16211608 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.511.6208 | s2cid = 12076025|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Tchanturia | first1 = K. |display-authors=etal | date = Sep 2001 | title = Perceptual illusions in eating disorders: rigid and fluctuating styles | journal = Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 107–15 | pmid = 11934124 | doi=10.1016/s0005-7916(01)00025-8|name-list-style=vanc}}
|4={{cite journal | last1 = Cserjési | first1 = R. | date = Jun 2009 | title = Affect, cognition, awareness and behavior in eating disorders. Comparison between obesity and anorexia nervosa | journal = Orvosi Hetilap | volume = 150 | issue = 24| pages = 1135–43 | doi = 10.1556/OH.2009.28590 | pmid = 19482720|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
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| [[Impulsivity]] || Risk taking, lack of planning, and making up one's mind quickly.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eysenck | first1 = S. B. | last2 = Eysenck | first2 = H. J. | date = Feb 1977 | title = The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description | journal = British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology | volume = 16 | issue = 1| pages = 57–68 | pmid = 843784 | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb01003.x|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> A component of disinhibition. Abnormal patterns of impulsivity have been linked to lesions in the right [[inferior frontal gyrus]] and in studies done by [[Antonio Damasio]] author of ''[[Descartes' Error]]'', damage to the [[ventromedial prefrontal cortex]] has been shown to cause a defect in real-life decision making in individuals with otherwise normal [[intellect]]. Those who sustain this type of damage are oblivious to the future consequences of their actions and live in the here and now.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Bechara | first1 = A. | last2 = Damasio | first2 = A. R. | last3 = Damasio | first3 = H. | last4 = Anderson | first4 = S. W. | date = Apr–Jun 1994 | title = Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex | journal = Cognition | volume = 50 | issue = 1–3| pages = 7–15 | pmid = 8039375 | doi=10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3| s2cid = 204981454|name-list-style=vanc }}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Eysenck | first1 = S. B. | last2 = Eysenck | first2 = H. J. | date = Feb 1977 | title = The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description | journal = British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology | volume = 16 | issue = 1| pages = 57–68 | pmid = 843784 | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb01003.x|name-list-style=vanc}}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Welch | first1 = S. L. | last2 = Fairburn | first2 = C. G. | date = Oct 1996 | title = Impulsivity or comorbidity in bulimia nervosa. A controlled study of deliberate self-harm and alcohol and drug misuse in a community sample | journal = British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 169 | issue = 4| pages = 451–8 | pmid = 8894196 | doi=10.1192/bjp.169.4.451| s2cid = 32042767|name-list-style=vanc }}
|4={{cite journal | date = Jan 2007 | title = Trauma and multi-impulsivity in the eating disorders | journal = Eating Behaviors | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 23–30 | doi = 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.08.009 | pmid = 17174848  | last1 = Corstorphine | first1 = E. | last2 = Waller | first2 = G. | last3 = Lawson | first3 = R. | last4 = Ganis | first4 = C.|name-list-style=vanc}}
|5={{cite journal | pmid = 8778124 | volume=51 | issue=6 | title=Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale | date=November 1995 | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | pages=768–74 | last1 = Patton | first1 = J. H. | last2 = Stanford | first2 = M. S. | last3 = Barratt | first3 = E. S. | doi=10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::aid-jclp2270510607>3.0.co;2-1|name-list-style=vanc}}
|6={{cite journal | last1 = Chamberlain | first1 = S. R. | last2 = Sahakian | first2 = B. J. | date = May 2007 | title = The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 255–61 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ba4989 | pmid = 17415079 | s2cid = 22198972|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
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| [[Disinhibition]] || Behavioral disinhibition is an inability or unwillingness to constrain impulses, it is a key component of executive functioning. Researchers have emphasized poor behavioral inhibition as the central impairment of ADHD. It may be symptomatic of [[orbitofrontal cortex|orbitofrontal lobe]] syndrome, a subtype of [[dysexecutive syndrome|frontal lobe syndrome]] which may be an acquired disorder as a result of [[complications of traumatic brain injury|traumatic brain injury]], [[Intrauterine hypoxia|hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]] (HIE), anoxic encephalopathy, degenerative diseases such as [[Parkinson's]], bacterial or viral infections such as [[Lyme disease]] and [[neurosyphilis]]. Disinhibition has been consistently associated with substance abuse disorders, obesity, higher BMI, excessive eating, an increased rate of eating, and perceived hunger.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = C. F. | date = Mar 1998 | title = Association of dietary restraint and disinhibition with eating behavior, body mass, and hunger | journal = Eating and Weight Disorders | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 7–15 | pmid = 11234257 | doi=10.1007/bf03354907| s2cid = 40567168|name-list-style=vanc }}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Bryant | first1 = E. J. | last2 = King | first2 = N. A. | last3 = Blundell | first3 = J. E. | date = Sep 2008 | title = Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation | journal = Obesity Reviews | volume = 9 | issue = 5| pages = 409–19 | pmid = 18179615 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00426.x| hdl = 10454/5739 | s2cid = 2710954 | hdl-access = free|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | pmid = 17176176 | doi=10.1037/0893-164X.20.4.415 | volume=20 | issue=4 | title=Personality and substance dependence symptoms: modeling substance-specific traits | date=December 2006 | journal=Psychology of Addictive Behaviors | pages=415–24 | last1 = Grekin | first1 = E. R. | last2 = Sher | first2 = K. J. | last3 = Wood | first3 = P. K.|name-list-style=vanc}}
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| [[Psychoticism]] ||Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility, one of four traits in [[Hans Eysenck]]'s model of personality. High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to increased vulnerability to psychosis such as schizophrenia. He also believed that blood relatives of psychotics would show high levels of this trait, suggesting a genetic basis to the trait.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|last1=Eysenck|first1= H. J|last2=Eysenck|first2= S. B. G|title=Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality|year=1977|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=London|isbn=978-0-340-20919-6|name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal|last1=Lester|first1=David|title=A Neurotransmitter Basis for Eysnenck's Theory of Personality|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=64|issue=1|year=1989|pages=189–190|issn=0033-2941|doi=10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.189|pmid=2564688|s2cid=28744688|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>

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| [[Intrusive thoughts|Obsessionality]] || Persistent, often unwelcome, and frequently disturbing ideas, thoughts, images or emotions, [[rumination (psychology)|rumination]], often inducing an anxious state. Obsessionality may result as a dysfunction of the [[basal ganglia]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Zubieta | first1 = J. K. | year = 1995 | title = Obsessionality in eating-disorder patients: relationship to clinical presentation and two-year outcome | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Research | volume = 29 | issue = 4| pages = 333–42 | pmid = 8847659 | doi=10.1016/0022-3956(95)00020-6|name-list-style=vanc}}
|2={{cite journal | pmid = 9829027 | title=Cognitive-behavioural approach to understanding obsessional thinking | year=1998 | journal=British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement | volume=173 | pages=53–63 | last1 = Salkovskis | author-link =  Paul Salkovskis | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Forrester | first2 = E. | last3 = Richards | first3 = C. | issue=35| doi=10.1192/S0007125000297900 | s2cid=32544419|name-list-style=vanc }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Corcoran | first1 = K. M. | last2 = Woody | first2 = S. R. | date = Jan 2008 | title = Appraisals of obsessional thoughts in normal samples | journal = Behaviour Research and Therapy | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 71–83 | doi = 10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.007 | pmid = 18093572|name-list-style=vanc}}
}}</ref>
|}