Editing Ukraine (section)

=== 19th and early 20th century ===
{{Main|Southwestern Krai|Kharkov Governorate|Chernigov Governorate|Ukrainian People's Republic|Ukrainian State|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
{{Further|Ukrainian national revival|Ukraine during World War I|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution|Ukrainian War of Independence|Ukrainian–Soviet War}}
[[File:Polish troops in Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kiev offensive (1920)|Polish troops enter Kyiv]] in May 1920 during the [[Polish–Soviet War]]. Following the [[Peace of Riga]] signed on 18 March 1921, Poland took control of modern-day western Ukraine while Soviets took control of eastern and central Ukraine]]

The 19th century saw the rise of Ukrainian nationalism. With growing urbanisation and modernisation and a cultural trend toward [[romantic nationalism]], a Ukrainian [[intelligentsia]] committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814–1861) and political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841–1895) led the growing nationalist movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Ukrainian Political Program: Mykhailo Drahomanov's ''Introduction'' to Hromadaurl |url=http://www.ditext.com/rudnytsky/history/first.html |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=ditext.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shevchenko, Taras |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShevchenkoTaras.htm |access-date=1 November 2017 |website=encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> While conditions for its development in Austrian [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]] under the [[Habsburgs]] were relatively lenient,<ref>{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul Robert |title=The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont |date=16 July 2018 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=9781442682252 |doi=10.3138/9781442682252 |s2cid=128063569}}</ref> the Russian part (historically known as "[[Little Russia]]" or "South Russia")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kravčenko |first=Volodymyr Vasylʹovyč |title=The Ukrainian-Russian borderland: history versus geography |date=2022 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-1199-6 |location=Montreal & Kingston London Chicago |pages=26–35}}</ref> faced severe restrictions, going as far as [[Ems Ukaz|banning virtually all books from being published in Ukrainian]] in 1876.

Ukraine, like the rest of the Russian Empire, joined the [[Industrial Revolution]] [[Industrialization in the Russian Empire|later]] than most of Western Europe<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industrial Revolution {{!}} Key Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Industrial-Revolution-Key-Facts |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2022}} due to the maintenance of [[Serfdom in Russia|serfdom]] until 1861.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Other than near the newly discovered coal fields of the [[Donbas]], and in some larger cities such as [[Odesa]] and Kyiv, Ukraine largely remained an agricultural and resource extraction economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the industrial history of Ukraine |url=https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries/ukraine |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=European Route of Industrial Heritage}}</ref> The Austrian part of Ukraine [[Poverty in Austrian Galicia|was particularly destitute]], which forced hundreds of thousands of peasants into emigration, who created the backbone of an extensive [[Ukrainian diaspora]] in countries such as [[Ukrainian Canadians|Canada]], the [[Ukrainian Americans|United States]] and [[Ukrainian Brazilians|Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satzewich |first=Vic |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252946784 |title=The Ukrainian diaspora |date=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-29658-7 |location=London |oclc=252946784 |pages=26–48}}</ref> Some of the Ukrainians settled in the Far East, too. According to the [[1897 census]], there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in [[Siberia]] and 102,000 in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Rainer |last1=Münz |first2=Rainer |last2=Ohliger |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C |title=Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: German, Israel, and Post-Soviet Successor States in Comparative Perspective |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=164 |isbn=0-7146-5232-6 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> An additional 1.6 million emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] in 1906.<ref>{{cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |author-link=Orest Subtelny |date=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC |title=Ukraine: a history |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |page=262 |isbn=0-8020-8390-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> [[Russian Far East|Far Eastern]] areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population became known as [[Green Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Jonathan D. |last=Smele |date=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |page=476 |isbn=978-1-4422-5281-3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Ukraine plunged into turmoil with the beginning of [[World War I]], and fighting on Ukrainian soil persisted until late 1921. Initially, the Ukrainians were split between Austria-Hungary, fighting for the [[Central Powers]], though the vast majority served in the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]], which was part of the [[Triple Entente]], under Russia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ukraine: A History |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8020-8390-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/340 340–344] |author-link=Orest Subtelny |url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/340}}</ref> As the Russian Empire collapsed, the conflict evolved into the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]], with Ukrainians fighting alongside, or against, the [[Red Army|Red]], [[White Army|White]], [[Makhnovshchina|Black]] and [[Green armies]], with the Poles, Hungarians (in [[Transcarpathian Rus'|Transcarpathia]]), and Germans also intervening at various times.

[[File:Ukrainian national costumes 04.jpg|thumb|Youth in national Ukrainian dress during a ceremony commemorating the 22nd January 1919 "Act of Reunification of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic", which is honoured yearly across 22 cities of Ukraine]]
An attempt to create an independent state, the left-leaning [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UNR), was first announced by [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]], but the period was plagued by an extremely unstable political and military environment. It was first deposed in a [[coup d'état]] led by [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], which yielded the [[Ukrainian State]] under the German protectorate, and the attempt to restore the UNR under the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] ultimately failed as the Ukrainian army was regularly overrun by other forces. The short-lived [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] and [[Hutsul Republic]] also failed to join the rest of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nahylo |first=Bohdan |date=1999 |title=The Ukrainian Resurgence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPCPxwubpYUC&dq=West+Ukrainian+People%27s+Republic++austria+hungary+territories&pg=PA8 |location=London |publisher=Hurst |page=8 |isbn=9781850651680 |oclc=902410832}}</ref>

The result of the conflict was a partial victory for the [[Second Polish Republic]], which annexed the Western Ukrainian provinces, as well as a larger-scale victory for the pro-Soviet forces, which succeeded in dislodging the remaining factions and eventually established the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (Soviet Ukraine). Meanwhile, modern-day [[Bukovina]] was occupied by [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] was admitted to [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] as an autonomous region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

The conflict over Ukraine, a part of the broader [[Russian Civil War]], devastated the whole of the former Russian Empire, including eastern and central Ukraine. The fighting left over 1.5 million people dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire's territory. [[Russian famine of 1921–1922|Famine in 1921]] further hit the eastern provinces.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Famine of 1920–1924 |url=http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113021645/http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2015 |website=The Norka – a German Colony in Russia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Famine of 1921–3 |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]}}</ref>