Editing Ultrashort pulse (section)

==Applications==

===Advanced material 3D micro-/nano-processing===
The ability of femtosecond lasers to efficiently fabricate complex structures and devices for a wide variety of applications has been extensively studied during the last decade. State-of-the-art laser processing techniques with ultrashort light pulses can be used to structure materials with a sub-micrometer resolution. Direct laser writing (DLW) of suitable photoresists and other transparent media can create intricate three-dimensional photonic crystals (PhC), micro-optical components, gratings, [[tissue engineering]] (TE) scaffolds and optical waveguides. Such structures are potentially useful for empowering next-generation applications in telecommunications and bioengineering that rely on the creation of increasingly sophisticated miniature parts. The precision, fabrication speed and versatility of ultrafast laser processing make it well placed to become a vital industrial tool for manufacturing.
<ref name="MalinauskasŽukauskas2016">{{cite journal|last1=Malinauskas|first1=Mangirdas|last2=Žukauskas|first2=Albertas|last3=Hasegawa|first3=Satoshi|last4=Hayasaki|first4=Yoshio|last5=Mizeikis|first5=Vygantas|last6=Buividas|first6=Ričardas|last7=Juodkazis|first7=Saulius|title=Ultrafast laser processing of materials: from science to industry|journal=Light: Science & Applications|volume=5|issue=8|year=2016|pages=e16133|issn=2047-7538|doi=10.1038/lsa.2016.133|bibcode=2016LSA.....5E6133M|pmc=5987357|pmid=30167182}}</ref>

===Micro-machining===
Among the applications of femtosecond laser, the microtexturization of implant surfaces have been experimented for the enhancement of the bone formation around zirconia dental implants. The technique demonstrated to be precise with a very low thermal damage and with the reduction of the surface contaminants. Posterior animal studies demonstrated that the increase on the oxygen layer and the micro and nanofeatures created by the microtexturing with femtosecond laser resulted in higher rates of bone formation, higher bone density and improved mechanical stability.<ref name="Delgado-RuízCalvo-Guirado2011">{{cite journal|last1=Delgado-Ruíz|first1=R. A.|last2=Calvo-Guirado|first2=J. L.|last3=Moreno|first3=P.|last4=Guardia|first4=J.|last5=Gomez-Moreno|first5=G.|last6=Mate-Sánchez|first6=J. E.|last7=Ramirez-Fernández|first7=P.|last8=Chiva|first8=F.|title=Femtosecond laser microstructuring of zirconia dental implants|journal=Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials|volume=96B|issue=1|year=2011|pages=91–100|issn=1552-4973|doi=10.1002/jbm.b.31743|pmid=21061361}}</ref><ref>Calvo Guirado et al, 2013 and 2014</ref><ref>Delgado-Ruiz et al, 2014)</ref>

=== Multiphoton Polymerization ===
Multiphoton Polymerization (MPP) stands out for its ability to fabricate micro- and nano-scale structures with exceptional precision. This process leverages the concentrated power of femtosecond lasers to initiate highly controlled photopolymerization reactions, crafting detailed three-dimensional constructs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiphoton Polymerization |url=https://www.litilit.com/applications/medical/multiphoton-polymerization/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.litilit.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> These capabilities make MPP essential in creating complex geometries for biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and micro-device fabrication, highlighting the versatility and precision of ultrashort pulse lasers in advanced manufacturing processes.