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Universal service
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==Funding== Most countries fund their USO by requiring the incumbent operator to be the designated USO provider or USP. USPs often previously held a legal monopoly protection. The USO is thus funded by rates/tariffs, and also by scale and scope economies. The risk of such an approach, while allowing competitive entry, is that a cross-subsidy exists and thus new entrants can potentially cream-skim (enter in only profitable routes or lines). One response is that some countries have a [[Universal Service Fund]] and have all their telecommunications industries pay a part of their net earnings into it.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} This fund has different names in different countries: * Chile has the Telecommunications Development Fund (FDT), * India has the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), * Pakistan has the Universal Service Fund Company (USF Co.), * Taiwan has the Universal Service Fund (USF), * Australia has the Telecommunications Industry Levy (TIL), etc.
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