Editing Unix System Laboratories (section)

== Univel and UnixWare ==
{{see also|Univel|UnixWare}}
In December 1991, USL combined with Novell to form the [[Univel]] joint venture.<ref name="cw-univel">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzdIrgXpYXAC&pg=PA115 | title=Unix Labs, Novell tighten ties | first=Jim | last=Nash | newspaper=Computerworld | date=December 16, 1991 | page=115 | access-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328062612/https://books.google.com/books?id=FzdIrgXpYXAC&pg=PA115 | url-status=live }}</ref>  The goal was to make the "[[Univel Destiny|Destiny]]" desktop for Intel commodity hardware, which would be USL's first shrink-wrapped binary product, with the necessary resources for sales, marketing, and distribution being moved into the new entity.<ref>{{cite news |work=Computergram International | publisher=Computer Business Review |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/unix_labs_and_novell_plan_joint_venture_reveal_bones_of_mass_distribution_alliance <!-- blacklisted http://w w w . c b r o n l i n e . c o m/news/unix_labs_and_novell_plan_joint_venture_reveal_bones_of_mass_distribution_alliance --> |title=Unix Labs and Novell plan join venture, reveal bones of mass distribution alliance |date=October 24, 1991 }}</ref> 
[[Kanwal Rekhi]], a Novell vice president who helped launch Univel, said the 
goal was to create a "Unix for the masses".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aw8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13 | title=Univel developing user-friendly Unix | first=Margie | last=Wylie | magazine=Network World | date=April 13, 1992 | page=13 | access-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-date=July 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130425/https://books.google.com/books?id=aw8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13 | url-status=live }}</ref>

A May 1992 ''[[InfoWorld]]'' interview with Pieper captured some of the ambitions of USL at the time, as Pieper said: "It is not just a new Unix version; rather it is the creation of an entire model change for Unix that says there are better ways to bring the benefits and features of Unix into a distributed PC environment. The earlier model did not allow Unix to play in the low-end market because of its size, complexity, and cost. The new model calls for business partnerships, such as the one with Novell, to deliver Unix to the commercial marketplace."<ref name="iw-roel"/>  In another interview around the same time, Pieper predicted that if the new Unix became a success, USL revenue could increase ten-fold to $1 billion within five years.<ref name="bb-roel">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1992-06-21/a-unix-for-the-masses | title=A Unix For The Masses? | first=Evan I. | last=Schwartz | publisher=Bloomberg News | date=June 22, 1992 | access-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-date=June 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204319/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1992-06-21/a-unix-for-the-masses | url-status=live }}</ref>
Pieper acknowledged that similar Unix efforts had failed in the past, but said that the presence of Novell's PC presence and marketing experience as well as the interest of Intel would make the difference this time.<ref name="iw-roel">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7D0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106 | title=USL's Pieper readies Unix for the PC network market | newspaper=InfoWorld | date=May 11, 1992 | page=106 | access-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328062608/https://books.google.com/books?id=7D0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Indeed, Pieper had aspirations to be another [[Bill Gates]]: "I want to be in the same position."<ref name="bb-roel"/>

UnixWare 1.0, which is what Destiny became a product as, was announced on October 12, 1992.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 | title=Novell sees the future in Unix; OS/2 rebuffed | first=Cheryl | last=Gerber | newspaper=InfoWorld | date=September 28, 1992 | page=1 | access-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-date=March 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328062606/https://books.google.com/books?id=klEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 | url-status=live }}</ref>  It was based on the [[System V#SVR4.2|Unix System V release 4.2]] kernel. The [[MoOLIT]] toolkit was used for the [[windowing system]], allowing the user to choose between an [[OPEN LOOK]] or [[Motif (software)|MOTIF]]-like look and feel at run time. In order to make the system more robust on commodity desktop hardware the [[Veritas Software|Veritas]] [[Veritas File System|VXFS]] [[journaling file system]] was used in place of the [[Unix File System|UFS]] file system used in SVR4. Networking support in UnixWare included both [[TCP/IP]] and interoperability with Novell's [[NetWare]] protocols of [[IPX/SPX]].<ref name="infoworld"/>  The former were the standard among Unix users at the time of development, while PC networking was much more commonly based on the highly successful NetWare product; indeed, the base level of the Personal Edition of UnixWare did not even have TCP/IP included, while the Application Server version did.<ref name="infoworld">{{cite news |newspaper=InfoWorld |date=June 28, 1993 |first=Alan |last=Radding |title=UnixWare: Bringing shrink-wrapped Unix to the masses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66 |pages=65–66 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |archive-date=February 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227084345/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66 |url-status=live }}</ref>  <!--TODO https://books.google.com/books?id=zzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 Feb 1993 ad in InfoWorld -->

Initial sales of UnixWare were underwhelming, with Unix facing a difficult time in the PC market.<ref name="cw-longshot"/>  This was in part because Windows already had a stronghold there, in part because USL's third-party licensing payment obligations made low-cost sales uneconomical, and in part because of a lack of applications to run on UnixWare.<ref name="negus"/>