Editing Urinary retention (section)

===Postoperative===
Risk factors include
* Age: Older people may have [[Degeneration (medical)|degeneration]] of [[neural pathway]]s involved with bladder function and it can lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kowalik U, Plante MK | title = Urinary Retention in Surgical Patients | journal = The Surgical Clinics of North America | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 453–467 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27261788 | doi = 10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.004 }}</ref> The risk of postoperative urinary retention increases up to 2.11 fold for people older than 60 years.<ref name=":7" />
* Medications: [[Anticholinergics]] and medications with anticholinergic properties, [[alpha-adrenergic agonist]]s, [[opiate]]s, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), [[Calcium channel blocker|calcium-channel blockers]] and [[beta-adrenergic agonist]]s, may increase the risk.<ref name=acdj/><ref name=":7" />
* Anesthesia: General anesthetics during surgery may cause bladder [[atony]] by acting as a smooth muscle relaxant.<ref name=":7" /> General anesthetics can directly interfere with autonomic regulation of [[Detrusor muscle|detrusor]] tone and predispose people to bladder overdistention and subsequent retention.<ref name=":7" /> Spinal anesthesia results in a blockade of the [[Urination|micturition reflex]].<ref name=":7" /> Spinal anesthesia shows a higher risk of postoperative urinary retention compared to general anesthesia.<ref name=":7" />
* [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]: Men with benign prostatic hyperplasia are at an increased risk of acute urinary retention.<ref name=":7" />
* Surgery related: Operative times longer than 2 hours may lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention 3-fold.<ref name=":7" />
* Postoperative pain.<ref name=":7" />