Editing VVT-i (section)

=== D-4 ===
'''D-4''' (Direct Four Line) is a [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]] system used in a number of Toyota engines, sometimes referred to as '''VVT-i D-4'''. Developed in 1996, it appeared as early as 2000 on the ''[[Toyota JZ engine#1JZ-FSE|1JZ-FSE]]'' and ''[[Toyota JZ engine#2JZ-FSE|2JZ-FSE]]'' engines found in some models of the [[Toyota Crown#Eleventh generation (S170; 1999)|Toyota Crown]] and [[Toyota Crown Majesta#Third generation (S170; 1999)|Toyota Crown Majesta]], and can also be found in several engines in the [[Toyota Avensis]] and [[Toyota RAV4]]. The D-4 system uses high-pressure swirl control valves to improve [[combustion efficiency]] alongside a three-way catalytic converter. VVT-i is integral to the design of the D-4 system, and is used in conjunction with D-4 to offer ultra-lean fuel consumption with cleaner emissions without compromising performance. Power and torque outputs as well as engine responsiveness are also improved as a result. All D-4 engines use a [[drive by wire]] system for the [[throttle body]] (also called an [[electronic throttle control]]) instead of a mechanical linkage system via a throttle cable.<ref> {{cite press release |url=https://global.toyota/en/detail/7901843 |title=Toyota Develops New D-4 Fuel Efficient, High Output Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine |date=1996-08-05 |publisher=Toyota Motor Corporation|access-date=2025-03-24}}</ref>

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