Editing Value theory (section)

==== Other distinctions ====
Other classifications of values have been proposed without a widely accepted main classification.<ref>{{harvnb|Rescher|1969|pp=13–14}}</ref> Some focus on the types of entities that have value. They include distinct categories for entities like things, the environment, individuals, groups, and society. Another subdivision pays attention to the type of benefit involved and encompasses material, economic, moral, social, political, aesthetic, and religious values. Classifications by the beneficiary of the value distinguish between self- and other-oriented values.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rescher|1969|pp=15–16, 18}} | {{harvnb|Pradhan|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m4wWEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 142]}} | {{harvnb|Hartman|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1UX7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 306]}} }}</ref>

A historically influential approach identifies three spheres of value: [[truth]], goodness, and beauty.{{efn|In [[scholastic philosophy]], they are known as ''[[transcendentals]]'' and considered fundamental aspects of being.<ref>{{harvnb|De Haan|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=a5EHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 302]}}</ref>}} For example, the [[neo-Kantian]] philosopher [[Wilhelm Windelband]] characterizes them as the highest goals of [[consciousness]], with [[thought]] aiming at truth, [[Will (philosophy)|will]] aiming at goodness, and [[emotion]] aiming at beauty. A similar view, proposed by the [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese philosopher]] Zhang Dainian, says that the value of truth belongs to knowledge, the value of goodness belongs to behavior, and the value of beauty belongs to art.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Li|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=W2a4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80–81]}} | {{harvnb|Ollig|1998|loc=[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/neo-kantianism/v-1 Lead section]}} | {{harvnb|Martin|2016|pp=3–5, 42–43}} }}</ref> This three-fold distinction also plays a central role in the philosophies of [[Franz Brentano]] and [[Jürgen Habermas]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Martin|2016|pp=4–5}} | {{harvnb|Kriegel|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3e9IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 96–97, 149, 253, 288]}} }}</ref> Other suggested types of values include objective, subjective, potential, actual, contingent, necessary, inherent, and constitutive values.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Orsi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cc3cBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 44]}} | {{harvnb|Bahm|1993|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jqSRrmtQ_WoC&pg=PA60 60–63]}} | {{harvnb|Schroeder|2021|loc=§ 2.1.1 What is Intrinsic Value?}} | {{harvnb|Rønnow-Rasmussen|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uvzVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 39–40]}} }}</ref>