Editing Ventilator (section)

==COVID-19 pandemic==
{{see also|List of countries by hospital beds#2020 coronavirus pandemic}}
<!---[[File:DSC 0509-Edit-cr.jpg|thumb|NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory designed ventilator "VITAL"]]--->
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has led to [[COVID-19 pandemic related shortages|shortages of essential goods and services]] - from hand sanitizers to masks to beds to ventilators.{{cn|date=November 2021}} Countries around the world have experienced shortages of ventilators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://healthmanagement.org/c/icu/news/allocating-ventilators-in-a-pandemic|title=Allocating Ventilators in a Pandemic|date=2020-03-24|website=healthmanagement.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> Furthermore, fifty-four governments, including many in Europe and Asia, imposed restrictions on medical supply exports in response to the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-trade/2020/03/24/export-restrictions-threaten-ventilator-availability-786327|title=Export restrictions threaten ventilator availability|date=2020-03-24|website=politico.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> 

The capacities to produce and distribute [[Mechanical ventilation|invasive]] and [[Non-invasive ventilation|non-invasive ventilators]] vary by country. In the initial phase of the pandemic, China ramped up its production of ventilators, secured large amounts of donations from private firms, and dramatically increased imports of medical devices worldwide. As a result, the country accumulated a reservoir of ventilators throughout the pandemic in Wuhan. Western Europe and the United States, which outrank China in their production capacities, suffered a shortage of supplies due to the sudden and scattered outbreaks throughout the North American and European continents. Finally, [[Central Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]], which depend almost entirely on importing ventilators, suffered severe shortages of supplies.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

Healthcare policy-makers have met serious challenges to estimate the number of ventilators needed and used during the pandemic. When data is often not available for ventilators specifically, estimates are sometimes made based on the number of [[intensive care unit]] beds available, which often contain ventilators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/03/24/is-indias-health-infrastructure-equipped-to-handle-an-epidemic/|title=COVID-19 {{!}} Is India's health infrastructure equipped to handle an epidemic?|publisher=Brookings Institution|author1=Prachi Singh|author2= Shamika Ravi|author3=Sikim Chakraborty |date=2020-03-24|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref>

===United States===
In 2006, president [[George W. Bush]] signed the [[Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act]], which created the [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority]] (BARDA) within the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]. In preparation for a possible epidemic of respiratory disease, the newly created office awarded a $6 million contract to [[Newport Medical Instruments]], a small company in California, to make 40,000 ventilators for under $3,000 apiece. In 2011, Newport sent three prototypes to the [[Centers for Disease Control]]. In 2012, [[Covidien]], a $12 billion/year medical device manufacturer, which manufactured more expensive competing ventilators, bought Newport for $100 million. Covidien delayed and in 2014 cancelled the contract.

BARDA started over again with a new company, [[Philips]], and in July 2019, the [[FDA]] approved the Philips ventilator, and the government ordered 10,000 ventilators for delivery in mid-2020.<ref name="Aura">{{cite news
| author = Nicholas Kulish, Sarah Kliff and Jessica Silver-Greenberg
| title = The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed. As the coronavirus spreads, the collapse of the project helps explain America's acute shortage.
| newspaper = New York Times
| date = March 29, 2020
| url =  https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html
}}</ref>

On April 23, 2020, [[NASA]] reported building, in 37 days, a successful COVID-19 ventilator, named VITAL ("Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally"). On April 30, NASA reported receiving fast-track approval for emergency use by the [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] for the new ventilator.<ref name="NASA-20200430">{{cite news |last1=Inclán |first1=Bettina |last2=Rydin |first2=Matthew |last3=Northon |first3=Karen |last4=Good |first4=Andrew |title=NASA-Developed Ventilator Authorized by FDA for Emergency Use |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7655 |date=30 April 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20200423">{{cite news |last1=Good |first1=Andrew |last2=Greicius |first2=Tony |title=NASA Develops COVID-19 Prototype Ventilator in 37 Days |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-develops-covid-19-prototype-ventilator-in-37-days |date=April 23, 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=April 24, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SPC-20200424">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=NASA engineers build new COVID-19 ventilator in 37 days |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-covid-19-ventilator-passes-test.html |date=April 24, 2020 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=April 24, 2020 }}</ref> On May 29, NASA reported that eight manufacturers were selected to manufacture the new ventilator.<ref name="NASA-20200529">{{cite news |last1=Inclán |first1=Bettina |last2=Rydin |first2=Matthew |last3=Northon |first3=Karen |last4=Good |first4=Andrew |title=Eight US Manufacturers Selected to Make NASA COVID-19 Ventilator |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7668 |date=May 29, 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=May 29, 2020 }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:PIA23891-NASA-VITAL-Team-20200430.jpg|Engineering team
File:PIA23775-NASA-VITAL-Ventilator-20200430.jpg|Front view
File:DSC_0509-Edit-cr.jpg|Side view
File:PIA24034-VITAL-Ventilators-20200804.jpg|Stacks of ventilator prototypes
</gallery>

===Canada===

On April 7, 2020, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Canadian Federal Government would be sourcing thousands of 'Made in Canada' ventilators. A number of organisations responded from across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/eng/07711.html|title = Made in Canada ventilators| date=26 November 2020|publisher=Government of Canada }}</ref> They delivered a large quantity of ventilators to the National Emergency Strategic Stockpile. From west to east, the companies include Canadian Emergency Ventilators Inc, Bayliss Medical Inc, Thornhill Medical, Vexos Inc, and CAE Inc.