Editing Vocoder (section)

==Artistic effects==
===Uses in music===
[[File:Vocoder.PNG|thumb|Channel vocoder setting as a musical application; the Dutch captions are "Band-pass filters" and "Level meters".]]

For [[music]]al applications, a source of musical sounds is used as the carrier, instead of extracting the fundamental frequency. For instance, one could use the sound of a [[synthesizer]] as the input to the filter bank, a technique that became popular in the 1970s.

====History====
[[Werner Meyer-Eppler]], a German scientist with a special interest in electronic voice synthesis, published a thesis in 1948 on [[electronic music]] and [[speech synthesis]] from the viewpoint of [[sound synthesis]].<ref name="meyer-eppler1949">{{citation
 | last      = Meyer-Eppler | first = Werner
 | author-link= Werner Meyer-Eppler
 | year      = 1949
 | title     = Elektronische Klangerzeugung: Elektronische Musik und synthetische Sprache
 | location  = Bonn
 | publisher = Ferdinand Dümmlers
}}</ref> Later he was instrumental in the founding of the [[Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)|Studio for Electronic Music]] of [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]] in Cologne, in 1951.<ref name="meyer-eppler">{{citation
 | first    = Sonja| last    = Diesterhöft
 | year      = 2003
 | title     = Meyer-Eppler und der Vocoder
 | url       = http://www.kgw.tu-berlin.de/statisch/Studio/Meyer-Eppler/Meyer-Eppler.html
 | work      = Seminars Klanganalyse und -synthese
 | language  = de
 | publisher = Fachgebiet Kommunikationswissenschaft, [[:de:Technische Universität Berlin#Geisteswissenschaften|Institut für Sprache und Kommunikation, Technische Universität Berlin]]
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080305021509/http://www.kgw.tu-berlin.de/statisch/Studio/Meyer-Eppler/Meyer-Eppler.html
 | archive-date = 2008-03-05
}}</ref>

[[File:Siemens Tonstudio, Deutsches Museum.jpg|thumb|Siemens Synthesizer ({{circa|1959}}) at [[Siemens]] Studio for Electronic Music was one of the first attempts to use a vocoder (rear) to create music.]]
One of the first attempts to use a vocoder in creating music was the ''Siemens Synthesizer'' at the Siemens Studio for Electronic Music, developed between 1956 and 1959.<ref name="siemens">{{cite web
 |title       = Das Siemens-Studio für elektronische Musik von Alexander Schaaf und Helmut Klein
 |url         = http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-vi/siemens-studio/
 |language    = de
 |publisher   = Deutsches Museum
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930175905/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-vi/siemens-studio
 |archive-date = 2013-09-30
}}</ref><ref name=holmes2012>{{cite book
 | last      = Holmes | first = Thom
 | chapter   = Early Synthesizers and Experimenters
 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aT5nAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA190
 | title     = Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture
 | edition   = 4th
 | publisher = Routledge
 | date = 2012
 | isbn     = 978-1-136-46895-7
 | pages     =  190–192
}} (See also excerpt of pp. <!--
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 -->from the [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC 3rd edition in 2008] <!--
 -->({{ISBN|978-0-415-95781-6}}))</ref><ref group=media>{{cite AV media
 | title     = Siemens Electronic Music Studio in Deutsches Museum (multi part)
 | url       = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9F7wP9dz5IY&list=PL84027969B66FECBD&index=2
 | medium    = Video
}}&nbsp; Details of the Siemens Electronic Music Studio, exhibited at the [[Deutsches Museum]].</ref>

In 1968, [[Robert Moog]] developed one of the first [[Solid state (electronics)|solid-state]] musical vocoders for the electronic music studio of the [[University at Buffalo]].<ref name=bode1984>{{cite journal
 | last      = Bode | first = Harald
 | author-link= Harald Bode
 | title     = History of Electronic Sound Modification
 | journal   = [[Journal of the Audio Engineering Society]]
 | volume    = 32 | issue = 10 | pages = 730–739
 | date      = October 1984 |url=http://www.vasulka.org/archive/Artists1/Bode,Harald/History.pdf
}}</ref>

In 1968, [[Bruce Haack]] built a prototype vocoder, named ''Farad'' after [[Michael Faraday]].<ref name="farad">{{cite AV media notes
 | others    = Bruce Haack
 | year      = 2010
 | title     = BRUCE HAACK&nbsp;– FARAD: THE ELECTRIC VOICE
 | url       = http://www.stonesthrow.com/news/2010/07/stones-throw-bruce-haack-vocoder
 | publisher = Stones Throw Records LLC
}}</ref>  It was first featured on "The Electronic Record For Children" released in 1969 and then on his rock album ''[[The Electric Lucifer]]'' released in 1970.<ref name="brucehaack">{{cite web
 | title     = Bruce Haack's Biography 1965–1974
 | url       = http://www.brucehaack.com/biography/biography-1965-1974
 | publisher = Bruce Haack Publishing
}}</ref><ref group=media>{{cite AV media
 | people    = Bruce Haack
 | date = 1970
 | title     = Electric to Me Turn&nbsp;– from "The Electric Lucifer"
 | url       = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7BCyF3xiY0
 | medium    = Phonograph
 | publisher = Columbia Records
}} &nbsp; A sample of earlier Vocoder.</ref>

Vocoder effects have been used by musicians in both electronic music and as a special effect along with more traditional instruments. In 1969, [[Sly and the Family Stone]] used it in "Sex Machine", a song on the album ''[[Stand!]]''. Other artists who have made vocoders an essential part of their music, overall or during an extended phase. Examples include the German [[synthpop]] group [[Kraftwerk]], the Japanese [[New wave music|new wave]] group [[Polysics]], [[Stevie Wonder]] ("[[Send One Your Love]]", "[[A Seed's a Star]]") and jazz/fusion keyboardist [[Herbie Hancock]] during his late 1970s period. In 1982 [[Neil Young]] used a Sennheiser Vocoder VSM201 on six of the nine tracks on ''[[Trans (album)|Trans]]''.<ref name="tompkins">{{cite book
 | last      = Tompkins | first = Dave
 | year      = 2010–2011
 | title     = How to Wreck a Nice Beach: The Vocoder from World War II to Hip-Hop, The Machine Speaks
 | publisher = Melville House
| isbn = 978-1-61219-093-8
 }}</ref> The chorus and bridge of [[Michael Jackson]]'s "[[P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)]]". features a vocoder ("Pretty young thing/You make me sing"), courtesy of session musician [[Michael Boddicker]].

Among the most consistent users of the vocoder in emulating the human voice are [[Daft Punk]], who have used this instrument from their first album ''[[Homework (Daft Punk album)|Homework]]'' (1997) to their latest work ''[[Random Access Memories]]'' (2013) and consider the convergence of technological and human voice "the identity of their musical project".<ref>{{cite news
 | title     = Daft Punk: "La musique actuelle manque d'ambition"
 | url       = http://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/2013/05/03/03006-20130503ARTFIG00588-daft-punk-la-musique-actuelle-manque-d-ambition.php
 | format    = interview
 | date      = May 3, 2013
 | newspaper = [[Le Figaro]]
}}</ref> For instance, the lyrics of "[[Around the World (Daft Punk song)|Around the World]]" (1997) are integrally vocoder-processed, "[[Get Lucky (Daft Punk song)|Get Lucky]]" (2013) features a mix of natural and processed human voices, and "[[Instant Crush]]" (2013) features [[Julian Casablancas]] singing into a vocoder.

===Voice effects in other arts===
{{See also|Robotic voice effects}}

Robot voices became a recurring element in popular music during the 20th century. Apart from vocoders, several other methods of producing variations on this effect include: the [[Sonovox]], [[Talk box]], [[Auto-Tune]],<ref group="media" name="T-Pain" /> linear prediction vocoders, [[speech synthesis]],<ref group="media" name="Speech Synthesis" /><ref group="media" name="Speak & Spell" /> [[ring modulation]] and [[comb filter]].

{{listen
| filename     = Vocoder demo.ogg
| title        = Example of vocoder
| description  = Demonstration of the "robotic voice" effect found in film and television
}}
Vocoders are used in [[television production]], [[filmmaking]] and games, usually for robots or talking computers. The robot voices of the [[Cylon (1978)|Cylons]] in ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' were created with an EMS Vocoder 2000.<ref name=tompkins /> The [[Doctor Who theme#History|1980 version]] of the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' theme, as arranged and recorded by [[Peter Howell (musician)|Peter Howell]], has a section of the main melody generated by a Roland SVC-350 vocoder. A similar [[Roland VP-330]] vocoder was used to create the voice of [[Soundwave (Transformers)|Soundwave]], a character from the ''[[Transformers]]'' series.