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X-ray machine
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=== Security === [[Image:Flughafenkontrolle.jpg|thumb|Hand-luggage inspection machine at [[Berlin Schönefeld Airport]].]] X-ray machines are used to screen objects non-invasively. Luggage at [[airport security|airport]]s and student baggage at some [[School#School security|school]]s are examined for possible weapons, including bombs. Prices of these Luggage X-rays vary from $50,000 to $300,000. The main parts of an X-ray Baggage Inspection System are the generator used to generate x-rays, the detector to detect radiation after passing through the baggage, signal processor unit (usually a PC) to process the incoming signal from the detector, and a conveyor system for moving baggage into the system. Portable pulsed X-ray Battery Powered X-ray Generator used in Security as shown in the figure provides EOD responders safer analysis of any possible target hazard. ==== Operation ==== When baggage is placed on the conveyor, it is moved into the machine by the operator. There is an [[infrared]] transmitter and receiver assembly to detect the baggage when it enters the tunnel. This assembly gives the signal to switch on the generator and signal processing system. The signal processing system processes incoming signals from the detector and reproduce an image based upon the type of material and material density inside the baggage. This image is then sent to the display unit. ==== Color classification ==== [[Image:Xray-verkehrshaus.jpg|thumb|X-ray image of a backpack. Organic and inorganic materials are discriminated in using dual energy techniques.]] The colour of the image displayed depends upon the material type and material density. The x-ray analysis is based upon the periodic table.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hollingdale |first1=Keith |title=Rapiscan |url=https://www.laurussystems.com/wp-content/uploads/6xx-User-Manual-Rev5.pdf |website=LAURUS Systems |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Elements from 1 to 10, such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, classed as organic material, will be coloured in shades of orange. These materials include paper, clothes, most food stuffs and the majority of explosives. Elements from 19 to 56, such as titanium, iron, copper, zirconium, silver and tin, classed as inorganic materials, appear in shades of blue. The colour green is used for what may be called the 'mixed group'. The mixed group includes elements 11 to 18, such as sodium, aluminium and chlorine. It also includes materials that are a mixture of elements that are normally displayed as either orange and green or orange and blue. An example is the material PVC. PVC is a combination of carbon (orange), hydrogen (orange) and chloride (green). Another is certain types of fertiliser, such as ammonium nitrate containing potassium. Ammonium nitrate is a combination of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen (all orange) and potassium (blue). When these materials are presented by the x-ray machine, based on their mixtures they may be displayed as mixed materials in green. A third reason for the use of the colour green is where one material, say copper, overlays another material, say wood. The copper would normally be blue and wood orange, however where they cross (overlay) the machine sees this as a mixture, and will use the colour green. Elements from 57 and above, such as platinum, mercury, gold and lead will be displayed using the colour black. This colour will also be used where there is sufficient density to prevent the x-ray machine from effectively analysing the materials. Some machines may display density using a yellowish green or red. The darkness of the colors depend upon the density or thickness of the materials. The thicker or denser the material, the darker the shade used. The material density determination is achieved by two-layer detector. The layers of the detector pixels are separated with a strip of metal. The metal absorbs soft rays, letting the shorter, more penetrating wavelengths through to the bottom layer of detectors, turning the detector to a crude two-band spectrometer.
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