Editing Planned community (section)

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|New towns in the United Kingdom|New towns movement|Town and country planning in the United Kingdom}}
The Romans planned many towns in Britain, but the settlements were changed out of all recognition in subsequent centuries. The town of [[Winchelsea]] is said to be the first post-Roman new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions of [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]] in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Another claimant to the title is [[Salisbury]], established in the early 13th century by the then [[Bishop of Salisbury|Bishop of Sarum]]. The best known pre-20th-century new town in the UK was undoubtedly the [[New Town, Edinburgh|Edinburgh New Town]], built in accordance with a 1766 master plan by [[James Craig (architect)|James Craig]], and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]] of British architecture.

====England====
[[File:All Saints church, Milton Keynes Village - geograph.org.uk - 728891.jpg|thumb|[[Middleton, Milton Keynes|The village of Milton Keynes]], Buckinghamshire, England gave its name to the [[Milton Keynes|new city that incorporates it]], which grew rapidly from 1967 onwards]]
The term "new town" often refers in the UK to towns built after [[World War II]] under the [[New Towns Acts]]. These were influenced by the [[garden city movement]], launched around 1900 by [[Ebenezer Howard]] and [[Sir Patrick Geddes]] and the work of [[Raymond Unwin]], and manifested at [[Letchworth, England|Letchworth Garden City]] and [[Welwyn Garden City]] in Hertfordshire.

Following [[World War II]], some 17 projected new towns were designated under the [[New Towns Act 1946]] ([[9 & 10 Geo. 6]]. c. 68),{{efn|There are more than 17 New Towns in total, but the remainder were designated under the 1965 and later Acts. See [[New Towns Acts#England]] for the complete list.}} and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people whose homes had been destroyed by the [[Luftwaffe]] during [[World War II|WW2]] and partly to move parts of the population out of (mainly [[Victorian era|Victorian]]) urban [[slums]]. New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}
* the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population,
* the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941)
* the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942)
* (later) the [[John Reith, 1st Baron Reith|Reith Report]] into New Towns (1947).

Also crucial to thinking was the [[Patrick Abercrombie|Abercrombie Plan for London]] (1944), which envisaged moving a million and a half people from London to new and expanded towns. (A similar plan was developed for the [[River Clyde|Clyde Valley]] in 1946 to combat similar problems faced in [[Glasgow]].) Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities. For some, this consensus was tied up with a concern for social welfare reform (typified by the [[Beveridge Report]]), as typified in the motto ''if we can build better, we can live better''; for others, such as [[John Betjeman]] it was a more conservative objection to the changing character of existing towns.

Following the building of [[Borehamwood]], [[Middlesex]], 12 miles north-west of central London, the first in a ring of major "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) were [[Stevenage]], Hertfordshire, 33 miles to the north of London, and [[Basildon]], Essex, 32 miles east of London along the [[River Thames]]. Hertfordshire built four other new towns, two in the vicinity of Stevenage ([[Welwyn Garden City]] and [[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield]]), a third to the north called [[Letchworth]], and [[Hemel Hempstead]] to the west. New Towns in the [[North East England|North East]] were also planned, such as [[Newton Aycliffe]] (which the social reformer and government adviser [[William Beveridge]] wanted to be the "ideal town to live in"), [[Washington, Tyne and Wear|Washington]], [[Killingworth]], [[Billingham, County Durham|Billingham]] and [[Peterlee]] which were in both [[County Durham]] and [[Northumberland]] (except Washington and Killingworth which are now in [[Tyne and Wear]]). [[Bracknell]] in Berkshire, to the south-west of London, was designated a New Town in 1949 and is still expanding. Other London new towns from this era include [[Harlow]] in Essex and [[Crawley]] in West Sussex.

Later, a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of the [[Corby Steelworks]]. Finally, following the [[New Towns Acts#New Towns Act 1965|New Towns Act 1965]], five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such as [[Peterborough]]. Probably the most well-known was [[Milton Keynes]]{{snd}} [[History of Milton Keynes#Designated area|designed from the outset to be a new city]]{{efn|In law it was a 'New Town', waiting until 2022 to be granted formal [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]].}}{{snd}} midway between London and Birmingham, known for its [[Milton Keynes grid road system|grid network]] of distributor roads between rather than through neighbourhoods, its [[Listed building|G2 listed]] central park and "covered high street" shopping centre. The 1960s saw new towns being designated around England's second-city [[Birmingham]], namely [[Redditch]], [[Tamworth, Staffordshire|Tamworth]] and [[Telford]].

Other towns, such as [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]] in Kent, [[Basingstoke]] in Hampshire and [[Swindon]] in Wiltshire, were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. Scotland also gained three more new towns: [[Cumbernauld]] in 1956, noted for its enclosed [[Cumbernauld town centre|'town centre']], [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]] (1962) and [[Irvine, Ayrshire|Irvine]] (1966).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestlaidschemes.com/moviezone/new-towns |title=New Towns |publisher=Best Laid Schemes |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821024235/http://www.bestlaidschemes.com/moviezone/new-towns/ |archive-date=21 August 2016 }}</ref>

In spite of the relative success of new towns in the London Metropolitan green belt, London continued to suffer from a chronic housing shortage, especially in the south-east. Another small New Town, [[Thamesmead]], was developed adjacent to the Thames in the early 1960s but suffered from poor transport links. Some improvement in infrastructure has been seen subsequently.

All the new towns featured a car-aware layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. Milton Keynes in particular has a [[Milton Keynes grid road system|grid-based distributor road system]], designed to minimise traffic in residential areas. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of "[[new town blues]]".{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclecraft.co.uk/digest/2decades.html |title=Body |website=Cyclecraft.co.uk |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}

The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

All New Towns designated under the New Towns Act of 1946 were serviced by a secretariat, the New Towns Association, a [[quango]] that reported to the New Towns Directorate of the Department of the Environment. It coordinated the work of the General Managers and technical officers, published a monthly information bulletin and provided information for visitors from around the world. As each New Town reached maturity, the town's assets were taken over by the [[Commission for New Towns]]. Set up in 1948, the New Towns Association was dissolved in 1998. All papers held by it and the Commission for New Towns are held in The National archives:<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection/?iAID=7311 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223161811/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection/?iAID=7311 | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 December 2012 |title = Discover our collections &#124; the National Archives}}</ref>

From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the Commission for New Towns (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1992 (with the closure of [[Milton Keynes Development Corporation]]), even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for New Towns was also dissolved and its assets – still including a lot of undeveloped land – passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known as [[English Partnerships]]).

Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporate [[public art]] and cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. In [[Harlow]] the architect in charge of the design of the new town, [[Frederick Gibberd]], founded the Harlow Art Trust<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harlowarttrust.org |title=デパートおせち予約・通販ランキング |website=Harlowarttrust.org |access-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221154/http://www.harlowarttrust.org/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and used it to purchase works by leading sculptors, including [[Auguste Rodin]], [[Henry Moore]] and [[Barbara Hepworth]]. In [[Peterlee]] the abstract artist [[Victor Pasmore]] was appointed part of the design team, which led to the building of the [[Apollo Pavilion]]. Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. The [[public art in Milton Keynes]] includes the [[Concrete Cows]], which resulted from the work of an '[[artist in residence]]' and have gone on to become a recognised landmark.

In the 1990s, an experimental "new town", developed by [[Charles, Prince of Wales|the Prince of Wales]] to use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles, was started at [[Poundbury]] in Dorset.

====Northern Ireland====
In Northern Ireland, building of [[Craigavon, County Armagh|Craigavon]] in County Armagh commenced in 1966 between [[Lurgan]] and [[Portadown]], although entire blocks of flats and shops lay empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Craigavon: 50 years of Modernity |url=https://nireland.britishcouncil.org/about/press/craigavon-50-years-modernity |publisher=[[British Council]]|date=22 October 2014|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> It was intended to be the heart of a new [[Linear settlement|linear city]] incorporating [[Lurgan]] and [[Portadown]], but this plan was mostly abandoned and later described as having been flawed.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|title=Craigavon town planning: British Modernism 50 years on |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29728971 |work=[[BBC News]]|date=25 October 2014 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Derry]] was the first ever planned city on the island of Ireland. In 1613, Work began on building the new city across the River Foyle from the ancient town of Derry ({{lang|ga|Doire Cholm Chille}} or {{lang|ga|Doire}}). The walls were actually completed five years later in 1618. The central diamond (plaza) within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Londonderry: Historic city conservation area |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Conservation/Londonderry/guides/historic_city.pdf  |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071025044545/http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Conservation/Londonderry/guides/historic_city.pdf }}</ref>

====Scotland====
Two "post-war new towns" were planned at [[East Kilbride]] (1947) and [[Glenrothes]] (1948), then the late 1950s and early 1960s saw the creation of [[Cumbernauld]], [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]] and [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]]. Each of these towns is in Scotland's list of 20 most populated towns and cities.
[[Glenrothes]] was the first new town in the UK to appoint a town artist in 1968. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concrete [[hippo]]s to bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes include [[David Harding (artist)|David Harding]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communityarts.net/readingroom/archivefiles/2002/09/town_artist_an.php |title=Town Artist: An Interview with David Harding |access-date=9 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503184411/http://www.communityarts.net/readingroom/archivefiles/2002/09/town_artist_an.php |archive-date=3 May 2010 }}</ref> and Malcolm Robertson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malcolmrobertson.com/ |title=Malcolm Robertson Site Specific Public Art WorksMalcolm Robertson |website=Malcolmrobertson.com |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

====Wales====
The only new towns in Wales have been [[Newtown, Powys|Newtown]] and [[Cwmbran]]. Cwmbran was established to provide new employment in the south eastern portion of the [[South Wales Coalfield]].