Editing Absolute pitch (section)

===Special populations===<!-- [[Template:Human group differences]] links here -->
The prevalence of absolute pitch is higher among those who are blind from birth as a result of [[optic nerve hypoplasia]].

Absolute pitch is considerably more common among those whose early childhood was spent in [[East Asia]].<ref name="greg">{{cite journal |author1=P. K. Gregersen |author2=E. Kowalsky |author3=N. Kohn |author4=E. Marvin |title=Early childhood music education and predisposition to absolute pitch |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=98 |pages=280–282 |year=2000 |doi= 10.1002/1096-8628(20010122)98:3<280::AID-AJMG1083>3.0.CO;2-6 |pmid=11169569 |issue=3}}</ref><ref name="deu_2006">{{cite journal |author1=D. Deutsch |author2=T. Henthorn |author3=E. W. Marvin |author4=H.-S. Xu |title=  Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: Prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=119 |pages=719–722 |year=2006 |doi=10.1121/1.2151799 |pmid=16521731 |issue=2|bibcode = 2006ASAJ..119..719D | url=http://www.philomel.com/pdf/JASA-2006_119_719-722.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.philomel.com/pdf/JASA-2006_119_719-722.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="deu_2006b">{{cite journal |author=Deutsch, D |title=The enigma of absolute pitch |journal=Acoustics Today|year=2006 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=11–19 |doi= 10.1121/1.2961141|url=http://philomel.com/pdf/Acoustics_Today_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://philomel.com/pdf/Acoustics_Today_2006.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="deu_2007">{{cite journal |author1=Henthorn, T. |author2=Deutsch, D. |name-list-style=amp|title=Ethnicity versus Early Environment: Comment on 'Early childhood music education and predisposition to absolute pitch: Teasing apart genes and environment' by Peter K. Gregersen, Elena Kowalsky, Nina Kohn, and Elizabeth West Marvin (2000) |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A|volume=143A |pages=102–103 |year=2007 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.31596 |pmid=17163519 |issue=1|s2cid=17543272 | url=http://philomel.com/pdf/AJMG_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://philomel.com/pdf/AJMG_2007.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref> This might seem to be a genetic difference;<ref name="zlab">{{cite journal |author=Zatorre, R. |title=Absolute Pitch: A model for understanding the influence of genes and development on neural and cognitive function |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=692–5 |url=http://www.zlab.mcgill.ca/docs/Zatorre_2003.pdf |access-date=July 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307140045/http://www.zlab.mcgill.ca/docs/Zatorre_2003.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |pmid=12830161 |year=2003 |doi=10.1038/nn1085 |s2cid=7431996 }}</ref> however, people of East Asian ancestry who are reared in North America are significantly less likely to develop absolute pitch than those raised in East Asia,<ref name="deu_2007"/> so the difference is more probably explained by experience. The language that is spoken may be an important factor; many East Asians speak tonal languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Thai, while others (such as those in Japan and certain provinces of Korea) speak pitch-accent languages, and the prevalence of absolute pitch may be partly explained by exposure to pitches together with meaningful musical labels very early in life.<ref name="deu_2006"/><ref name="deu_2006b"/><ref name="deu_2007"/><ref name=deu_2004>{{cite journal |author1=Deutsch, D. |author2=Henthorn, T. |author3=Dolson, M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Absolute pitch, speech, and tone language: Some experiments and a proposed framework |journal=Music Perception|volume=21 |year=2004 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1525/mp.2004.21.3.339 |issue=3| url=http://www.philomel.com/pdf/MP-2004-21_339-356.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.philomel.com/pdf/MP-2004-21_339-356.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Absolute pitch ability has higher prevalence among those with [[Williams syndrome]]<ref name="lenhoff">{{cite journal |author=Lenhoff, H. M. |author2 = Perales, O. |author3=Hickok, G. |name-list-style=amp |title=Absolute pitch in Williams syndrome |journal=Music Perception|year= 2001 |volume=18 |pages=491–503 |doi=10.1525/mp.2001.18.4.491 |issue=4}}</ref> and those with an [[autism spectrum disorder]], with claims estimating that up to 30% of autistic people have absolute pitch.<ref name="Sacks, O. 2007"/><ref name="heaton">{{cite journal |author=Heaton, P. |author2=Hermelin, B. |author3=Pring, L. |name-list-style=amp |title=Autism and pitch processing: A precursor for savant musical ability |journal=Music Perception |year=1998 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=291–305 |doi=10.2307/40285769|jstor=40285769}}</ref><ref>Frith, U. How Cognitive Theories Can Help Us Explain Autism. Speech. UC Davis Mind Institute. Video available, 4/5 down the list: http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/videos/video_autism.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104143955/http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/videos/video_autism.html |date=November 4, 2011 }}</ref> A non-verbal piano-matching method resulted in a correlation of 97% between{{Clarify|reason=In which direction? 97% of persons with ASD having absolute pitch or 97% of persons with absolute pitch being on the autism spectrum? Or was there a score on a pitch-matching test and a score on an autism-detection test (e.g., Asperger Questionnaire), and was the test geared toward specificity or sensitivity?|date=April 2016}} autism and absolute pitch, with a 53% correlation in non-autistic observers.{{Clarify|reason=Correlation between what and what? Does "in" mean "between"/"among" here? "In the minds of"? Observers of what?|date=April 2016}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kupferstein, H. |author2=Walsh, B. |title=Non-Verbal Paradigm for Assessing Individuals for Absolute Pitch |journal=World Futures|volume=72 |issue=7–8 |pages=390–405 |year=2014 |doi=10.1080/02604027.2014.989780|s2cid=142283540 }}</ref> However, the converse is not indicated by research which found no difference between those with absolute pitch and those without on measures of social and communication skills, which are core deficits in autistic spectrum disorders. Additionally, the absolute pitch group's [[autism-spectrum quotient]] was "way below clinical thresholds".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dohn|first1=Anders|last2=Garza-Villarreal|first2=Eduardo A.|last3=Heaton|first3=Pamela|last4=Vuust|first4=Peter|date=May 30, 2012|editor-last=Krueger|editor-first=Frank|title=Do Musicians with Perfect Pitch Have More Autism Traits than Musicians without Perfect Pitch? An Empirical Study|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e37961|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0037961|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3364198|pmid=22666425|bibcode=2012PLoSO...737961D|doi-access=free}}</ref>