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=== Puppet rebel forces === ==== Operation Trust ==== In "[[Operation Trust]]" (1921β1926), the [[State Political Directorate]] (OGPU) set up a fake anti-[[Bolshevik]] underground organization, "Monarchist Union of Central Russia".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWfrL8__VfgC&pg=PT269 |title=Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy |date=2012-10-02 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-1-4668-2775-2 |language=en}}</ref> The main success of this operation was luring [[Boris Savinkov]] and [[Sidney Reilly]] into the Soviet Union, where they were arrested and executed. ==== Basmachi Revolt ==== {{main|Basmachi movement}} The [[Islam]]ic anti-Soviet [[Basmachi movement]] in [[Central Asia]] posed an early threat to the Bolshevik movement. The movement's roots lay in the [[Central Asian revolt of 1916|anti-conscription violence of 1916]] that erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service in [[World War I]].<ref>Victor Spolnikov, "Impact of Afghanistan's War on the Former Soviet Republics of Central Asia", in Hafeez Malik, ed, Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 101.</ref> In the months following the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, the [[Bolsheviks]] seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and the [[Russian Civil War]] began. [[Turkestan|Turkestani]] Muslim political movements attempted to form an autonomous government in the city of [[Kokand]], in the [[Fergana Valley]]. The Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand in February 1918 and carried out a general massacre of up to 25,000 people.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi who waged a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] and conventional war that seized control of large parts of the Fergana Valley and much of [[Turkestan]].<ref name="Uzbekistan pg. 30">Uzbekistan, By Thomas R McCray, Charles F Gritzner, pg. 30, 2004, {{ISBN|1438105517}}.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Martha B. Olcott, ''The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan'', 1918-24, 355.</ref> The group's notable leaders were [[Enver Pasha]] and, later, [[Ibrahim Bek]]. Soviet Russia responded by deploying special Soviet military detachments masqueraded as [[Basmachi]] forces and received support from British and Turkish intelligence services. The operations of these detachments facilitated the collapse of the Basmachi movement and the assassination of Pasha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baumann |first=Dr Robert F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaVvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 |title=Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan [Illustrated Edition] |date=2015-11-06 |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |isbn=978-1-78289-965-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1922-08-18 |title=ENVER PASHA SLAIN BY SOVIET FORCE; Turks' War Leader Is Left Dead on the Field After Desperate Fight in Bokhara. LAST OF THE TRIUMVIRATE His Colleagues Talaat and Djemal Assassinated by Armenians After Fleeing From Constantinople. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/08/18/archives/enver-pasha-slain-by-soviet-force-turks-war-leader-is-left-dead-on.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315001056/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/08/18/archives/enver-pasha-slain-by-soviet-force-turks-war-leader-is-left-dead-on.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Post World War II counter-insurgency operations ==== {{main|Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe}} {{see also|Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944β1953)|Guerrilla war in the Baltic states|Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army}} Following World War II, various partisan organizations in the Baltic states, Poland and Western Ukraine fought for independence of their countries, which were under [[Military occupations by the Soviet Union|Soviet occupation]], against Soviet forces. Many [[NKVD]] agents were sent to join and penetrate the independence movements. Puppet rebel forces were also created by the NKVD and permitted to attack local Soviet authorities to gain credibility and exfiltrate senior NKVD agents to the West.<ref name="Bodansk">{{cite book |last=Bodansky |first=Yossef |title=The Secret History of the Iraq War |date=2005 |publisher=Regan Books |isbn=0-06-073680-1 |location=New York City |author-link=Yossef Bodansky}}</ref>
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