Editing Adelaide (section)

=== Urban layout ===
{{Further|William Light}}
Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, Colonel [[William Light]]. His plan, sometimes referred to as "Light's Vision" (also the name of a statue of him on [[Montefiore Hill]]), arranged Adelaide in a [[Grid plan|grid]], with [[:Category:Squares in Adelaide|five squares]] in the [[Adelaide city centre]] and a ring of parks, known as the [[Adelaide Parklands]], surrounding it. Light's selection of the location for the city was initially unpopular with the early settlers, as well as South Australia's first governor, John Hindmarsh, due to its distance from the harbour at Port Adelaide, and the lack of fresh water there.<ref>Page, M. (1981): ''Port Adelaide and its Institute, 1851–1979.'' Rigby Publishers Ltd. Pp.17–20. {{ISBN|0-7270-1510-9}}</ref>
[[File:Adelaide South Australia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Adelaide city centre|city centre]] was built on a [[grid plan]], known as ''Light's Vision''.]]
Light successfully persisted with his choice of location against this initial opposition. Recent evidence suggests that Light worked closely with George Kingston as well as a team of men to set out Adelaide, using various templates for city plans going back to [[Ancient Greece]], including [[Italian Renaissance]] designs and the similar layouts of the American cities [[Philadelphia]] and [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]–which, like Adelaide, follow the same layout of a central city square, four complementing city squares surrounding it and a parklands area that surrounds the city centre.<ref>{{cite book|title=Adelaide|first=Kerryn|last=Goldsworthy|year=2011|publisher=NewSouth|isbn=9-7817-4224092-3|pages=83}}</ref>
[[File:Transformers - Victoria Square Adelaide SA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]], one of the five main squares in the city centre and considered the heart of Adelaide's [[Grid plan|grid layout]]]]
The benefits of Light's design are numerous: Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily navigable [[cardinal direction]] grid layout and an expansive green ring around the city centre. There are two sets of [[ring road]]s in Adelaide that have resulted from the original design. The [[City Ring Route, Adelaide|inner ring route]] ([[A21 road (Australia)|A21]]) borders the parklands, and the outer route ([[A3 road (South Australia)|A3]]/[[South Road, Adelaide|A13]]/[[A16 highway (Australia)|A16]]/[[A17 highway (Australia)|A17]]) completely bypasses the inner city via (in clockwise order) [[Grand Junction Road]], Hampstead Road, Ascot Avenue, [[Portrush Road]], [[Cross Road, Adelaide|Cross Road]] and [[South Road, Adelaide|South Road]].<ref>[http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/better_roads/adelaides_inner_outer_ring_routes.asp ''Adelaide's Inner and Outer Ring Routes''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306220115/http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/better_roads/adelaides_inner_outer_ring_routes.asp |date=6 March 2014 }}, 24 August 2004, South Australian Department of Transport.</ref>

Suburban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous former outlying villages and "country towns", as well as the satellite city of [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]], have been enveloped by its [[urban sprawl|suburban sprawl]]. Expanding developments in the Adelaide Hills region led to the construction of the [[South Eastern Freeway]] to cope with growth, which has subsequently led to new developments and further improvements to that transport corridor. Similarly, the booming development in Adelaide's [[City of Onkaparinga|South]] led to the construction of the [[Southern Expressway (Australia)|Southern Expressway]].

New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth. The [[O-Bahn Busway]] is an example of a unique solution to [[Tea Tree Gully, South Australia|Tea Tree Gully's]] transport woes in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adelaide's Freeways – A History from MATS to the Port River Expressway |work=Ozroads |url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm |access-date=21 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114830/http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The development of the nearby suburb of [[Golden Grove, South Australia|Golden Grove]] in the late 1980s followed a planned approach to urban growth.

In the 1960s, a [[Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study]] Plan was proposed to cater for the future growth of the city. The plan involved the construction of freeways, [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]] and the upgrade of certain aspects of the public transport system. The then premier [[Steele Hall (Australian politician)|Steele Hall]] approved many parts of the plan and the government went as far as purchasing land for the project. The later [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government elected under [[Don Dunstan]] shelved the plan, but allowed the purchased land to remain vacant, should the future need for freeways arise. In 1980, the [[Liberal party of Australia|Liberal party]] won government and premier [[David Tonkin]] committed his government to selling off the land acquired for the MATS plan, ensuring that even when needs changed, the construction of most MATS-proposed freeways would be impractical. Some parts of this land have been used for transport, (e.g. the O-Bahn Busway and Southern Expressway), while most has been progressively subdivided for residential use.

In 2008, the [[Government of South Australia|SA Government]] announced plans for a network of [[transport-oriented development]]s across the Adelaide metropolitan area and purchased a [[Clipsal site development|10 hectare industrial site]] at [[Bowden, South Australia|Bowden]] for $52.5&nbsp;million as the first of these developments.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206075528/http://www.ministers.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3826 "Clipsal site at Bowden to become a green village"], Ministerial Press Release, 24 October 2008, SA Govt. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref><ref><!-- [http://www.lmc.sa.gov.au/theport/_inc/doc_download.aspx?did=339 "Government reveals Clipsal site purchase price"] -->[https://archive.today/20081206075532/http://www.ministers.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3956 "Government reveals Clipsal site purchase price"], Ministerial Press Release, 15 November 2008, SA Govt, archived. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</ref>

==== Housing ====
{{Main|Australian residential architectural styles}}
[[File:Heritage terraces on Adelaide's North Terrace.jpg|thumb|right|Terraced housing on [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]]]
Historically, Adelaide's suburban residential areas have been characterised by single-storey detached houses built on {{convert|1/4|acre|m2|adj=on|order=flip}} blocks. A relative lack of suitable, locally-available timber for construction purposes led to the early development of a brick-making industry, as well as the use of stone, for houses and other buildings. By 1891, 68% of houses were built of stone, 15% of timber, and 10% of brick, with brick also being widely used in stone houses for quoins, door and window surrounds, and chimneys and fireplaces.<ref>Gibbs, R.M. (2013): ''Under the burning sun: a history of colonial South Australia, 1836–1900''. Peacock Publications. Pp. 58, 333–4. {{ISBN|978-1-921601-85-9}}</ref>

There is a wide variety in the styles of these houses. Until the 1960s, most of the more substantial houses were built of red brick, though many front walls were of ornamental stone. Then cream bricks became fashionable, and in the 1970s, deep red and brown bricks became popular.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} Until the 1970s, roofs tended to be clad with (painted) [[corrugated iron]] or cement or clay tiles, usually red "terracotta"<!--local terminology, do not link-->. Since then, [[Colorbond]] corrugated steel has dominated. Most roofs are pitched. Flat roofs are not common.<ref name=Cadden/>

Up to the 1970s, most houses were of "double brick" construction on concrete footings, with timber floors laid on joists supported by "dwarf walls". Later houses have mainly been of "[[brick veneer]]" construction – structural [[Framing (construction)|timber]] or, more recently, [[steel frame#Cold-formed steel frames|lightweight steel]] frame on a [[concrete slab]] [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]], lined with [[Gyprock]], and with an outer skin of brickwork,<ref name=Cadden>Rosemary Cadden: ''Building South Australia: celebrating 125 years''. Solstice Media. pp. 77, 87. {{ISBN|978-0-646-51343-0}}</ref> to cope with Adelaide's [[Shrink–swell capacity|reactive soils]], particularly Keswick Clay, black earth and some red-brown earth soils.<ref>Sheard, M. J., & A. P. Belperio (1995): "Problem soils". In: Drexel, J. F. & Preiss, W. V. (eds.) ''The geology of South Australia''. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic. p. 274. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. {{ISBN|978-0-7308-0621-9}}</ref> The use of precast concrete panels for floor and wall construction has also increased.<ref name=Cadden /> In addition to this, a significant factor in Adelaide's suburban history is the role of the [[South Australian Housing Trust]].{{Why|date=January 2023}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:OIC n adelaide carclew (cropped).jpg|[[Carclew, North Adelaide|Carclew House]]
File:Bluestone Balcony (16746204054).jpg|Two-storey house in [[North Adelaide]]. Much of Adelaide's early housing was built with bluestone.
File:House in Adelaide.jpg|Heritage-listed [[bluestone]] 19th-century house in the city centre 
File:Tudor Revival house, Adelaide (01).jpg|[[Tudor Revival]] house in [[Unley Park, South Australia|Unley Park]]
File:House in Lockleys, South Australia.jpg|House in [[Lockleys, South Australia|Lockleys]] with two distinguishing features that characterise Adelaide houses: a brush fence and red brick veneer.
</gallery>