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Administrative law judge
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== International comparisons == The United States does not have [[administrative courts]] in the judicial branch.<ref name="Von_Mehren_Page_4">{{cite book |last1=von Mehren |first1=Arthur T. |last2=Murray |first2=Peter L. |author1-link=Arthur Taylor von Mehren |author2-link=Peter L. Murray |title=Law in the United States |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781139462198 |page=4 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tpJlKdqVTsC&pg=PA4}}</ref><ref name="Farnsworth_Page_170">{{cite book |last1=Farnsworth |first1=E. Allan |author-link1=E. Allan Farnsworth |editor1-last=Sheppard |editor1-first=Steve |editor1-link=Stephen M. Sheppard |title=An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199733101 |page=170 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOFMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> In contrast, in the United Kingdom the [[Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007]] recognises legally qualified members of the national system of administrative law tribunals as members of the [[judiciary of the United Kingdom]] who are guaranteed [[judicial independence]].<ref>Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, s.1, [[Constitutional Reform Act 2005]], s.3</ref> ALJs cannot be recognized as members of the judicial branch of government (without first completely ejecting them from their home agencies in the executive branch), because to do so would violate the bedrock principle of [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution|separation of powers as embodied in the U.S. Constitution]].<ref name="Sunstein_Page_83">{{cite book |last1=Sunstein |first1=Cass R. |last2=Vermeule |first2=Adrian |author1-link=Cass Sunstein |author2-link=Adrian Vermeule |title=Law and Leviathan: Redeeming the Administrative State |date=2020 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780674249813 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6n8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=May 5, 2024}}</ref> In a 2013 majority opinion signed by Associate Justice [[Antonin Scalia]], the U.S. Supreme Court explained: {{quote|The dissent overstates when it claims that agencies exercise "legislative power" and "judicial power" ... The former is [[Vesting Clauses|vested exclusively]] in Congress ... the latter in the "one supreme Court" and "such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish" ... Agencies make rules ... and conduct adjudications ... and have done so since the beginning of the Republic. These activities take "legislative" and "judicial" forms, but they are exercises of—indeed, under our constitutional structure they ''must be'' exercises of—the "executive Power."<ref>''City of Arlington v. FCC'', [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15785238659483190922&hl=en 569 U.S. 290, 304 n.4] (2013) (emphasis in original).</ref>}}
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