Editing Alcohol intoxication (section)

==Society and culture==
{{See also|List of deaths through alcohol|}}
[[File:An intoxicated man drinking beer; advertising Blauwe Week Wellcome L0048989.jpg|thumb|left|A 1936 anti-drinking poster by [[Aart van Dobbenburgh]]]]

Alcohol intoxication is a [[Risk factor (epidemiology)|risk factor]] in some cases of [[catastrophic injury]], in particular for unsupervised [[recreation]]al activity. A study in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Ontario]] based on [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] data from 1986, 1989, 1992, and 1995 states that 79.2% of the 2,154 catastrophic injuries recorded for the study were preventable, of which 346 (17%) involved alcohol consumption.<ref name="Tator">{{cite book |title=Catastrophic Injuries in Sports and Recreation: Causes and Prevention: A Canadian Study |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780802089670 |editor-last=Tator |editor-first=Charles H. |edition=2}}</ref> The activities most commonly associated with alcohol-related catastrophic injury were [[snowmobiling]] (124), fishing (41), [[Underwater diving|diving]] (40), [[boating]] (31) and [[canoeing]] (7), swimming (31), riding an [[all-terrain vehicle]] (24), and cycling (23).<ref name="Tator" /> These events are often associated with unsupervised young males, often inexperienced in the activity, and may result in [[drowning]].<ref name="Tator" /> Alcohol use is also associated with unsafe sex.

===Legal issues===
[[File:Drunk driving simulator, Montreal by CAA of Quebec.jpg|thumb|A drunk-driving simulator in [[Montreal]]]]

Laws on drunkenness vary. In the United States, it is a criminal offense for a person to be [[Driving under the influence|drunk while driving a motorized vehicle]], except in [[Alcohol laws of Wisconsin|Wisconsin]], where it is only a [[Civil infraction|fine]] for the first offense.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wisconsin Legislature: Chapter 346 |url=http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/346 |website=wisconsin.gov}}</ref> It is also a criminal offense to fly an aircraft or (in some [[U.S. state|American states]]) to assemble or operate an [[amusement park]] ride while drunk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas Penal Code § 49.065 |url=http://law.onecle.com/texas/penal/49.065.00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926124717/http://law.onecle.com/texas/penal/49.065.00.html |archive-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> Similar laws also exist in the United Kingdom and most other countries.

In some jurisdictions, it is also an offense to serve alcohol to an already-intoxicated person,<ref>{{cite web |title=Camden Council: Booze license suspended after selling alcohol to drunk customers |url=http://www.camden.gov.uk/ccm/content/press/2007/february/booze-license-suspended-after-selling-alcohol-to-drunk-customers.en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111052754/http://www.camden.gov.uk/ccm/content/press/2007/february/booze-license-suspended-after-selling-alcohol-to-drunk-customers.en |archive-date=11 January 2009 |access-date=8 January 2009 |website=camden.gov.uk}}</ref> and, often, alcohol can only be sold by persons qualified to serve responsibly through [[alcohol server training]].

The [[Blood alcohol content#Limits by country (BAC: Blood Alcohol Content)|blood alcohol content]] (BAC) for legal operation of a vehicle is typically measured as a percentage of a unit volume of blood. This percentage ranges from 0.00% in Romania and the United Arab Emirates; to 0.05% in Australia, South Africa, Germany, Scotland, and New Zealand (0.00% for underage individuals); to 0.08% in [[England and Wales]], the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drinking and Driving |url=http://www.icap.org/PolicyIssues/DrinkingandDriving/BACTable/tabid/199/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702135901/http://www.icap.org/PolicyIssues/DrinkingandDriving/BACTable/tabid/199/Default.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2008 |website=icap.org}}</ref>

The United States [[Federal Aviation Administration]] prohibits [[Aircrew|crew members]] from performing their duties within eight hours of consuming an alcoholic beverage, while under the influence of alcohol, or with a BAC greater than 0.04%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Aviation Regulation Sec. 1.1 – General definitions. |url=http://www.risingup.com/fars/info/part1-1-FAR.shtml |website=risingup.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAR Part 91 Sec. 91.17 effective as of 07/21/2006 |url=http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/0/28757d8ae4d7d671862571960066be86%21OpenDocument%26Click%3D |website=faa.gov |access-date=3 July 2008 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227005600/https://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/0/28757d8ae4d7d671862571960066be86%21OpenDocument%26Click%3D |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, [[public intoxication]] is a crime (also known as "being drunk and disorderly" or "being drunk and incapable").<ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 1872 |title=Licensing Act 1872 |volume=1872 |work=Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament |url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1052305 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 May 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805165526/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1052305 |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

In some countries, there are special facilities, sometimes known as "[[drunk tanks]]", for the temporary detention of persons found to be drunk.

===Religious views===
Some religious groups permit the consumption of alcohol; some permit consumption but prohibit intoxication; others prohibit any amount of alcohol consumption altogether.
==== Christianity ====
[[File:Drunkenness_of_Noah_belliniFXD.jpg|thumb|''[[Drunkenness of Noah]]'' by [[Giovanni Bellini]]]]
[[File:Hendrick Goltzius - Lot and his Daughters - WGA9730.jpg|thumb|''[[Lot and his daughters]]'' by [[Hendrick Goltzius]]]]
Most [[Christian denomination|denominations]] of Christianity, such as [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[Orthodoxy]] and [[Lutheranism]], use wine as a part of the [[Eucharist]] (Holy Communion) and permit its consumption, but consider it sinful to become intoxicated.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 57|Sermon 57: The Vice of Drunkenness.]] |title=Sermons from the Latins|year=1902|publisher= Benziger Brothers|first=Robert|last=Bellarmine|author-link=Robert Bellarmine}}</ref>

[[Romans 13#The day is at hand (verses 11–14)|Romans 13:13–14]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Romans 13:13-14 – New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2013%3A13-14&version=NIV |website=Bible Gateway}}</ref> [[1 Corinthians 6]]:9–11, [[Galatians 5]]:19–21<ref>{{cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Galatians 5:19-21 – New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%205%3A19-21&version=NIV |website=Bible Gateway}}</ref> and [[Ephesians 5#Verse 18|Ephesians 5:18]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Ephesians 5:18 – New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%205%3A18&version=NIV |website=Bible Gateway}}</ref> are among a number of other Bible passages that speak against intoxication.

Some [[Protestantism|Protestant Christian]] denominations prohibit the consumption of alcohol<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2006 |title=On Alcohol Use in America |url=http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=1156 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012154/http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=1156 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=7 June 2013 |website=SBC Resolutions |publisher=[[Southern Baptist Convention]]}}</ref> based upon biblical passages that condemn drunkenness,<ref name="biblical" /> but others allow a [[moderationism|moderate]] rate of consumption.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Alcohol |url=http://www.lcms.org/Document.fdoc?src=lcm&id=576 |access-date=7 June 2013 |website=LCMS Views – Contemporary Issues |publisher=[[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] |page=3}}</ref>

In the [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], alcohol consumption is forbidden,<ref>{{cite web |title=Doctrine and Covenants 89 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/89?lang=eng |website=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> and [[teetotalism]] has become a distinguishing feature of its members. [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] allow moderate alcohol consumption among its members.

==== Islam ====
In the [[Quran]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Qur'an: 4:43 |url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/004.qmt.html#004.043 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204153931/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/004.qmt.html#004.043 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |access-date=4 December 2010 |publisher=Usc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qur'an: 2:19 |url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/002.qmt.html#002.219 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204153812/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/002.qmt.html#002.219 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |access-date=4 December 2010 |publisher=Usc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cmje |url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/005.qmt.html#005.090 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204173049/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/005.qmt.html#005.090 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |access-date=4 December 2010 |website=usc.edu}}</ref> there is a prohibition on the consumption of grape-based alcoholic beverages, and intoxication is considered an abomination in the [[hadith]] of [[Muhammad]]. The [[Madhhab|schools of thought]] of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] have interpreted this as a strict prohibition of the consumption of all types of alcohol and declared it to be ''[[haram]]'' ({{Literal translation|forbidden [in [[Islam]]]}}), although other uses may be permitted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yilmaz |first=Ihsan |title=Muslim Laws, Politics And Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey And Pakistan |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7546-4389-0 |page=158 |chapter=Post-Modern Muslim Legality and its Consequences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OrGYg31fi0C&q=Madhhab+alcohol&pg=PA158 |orig-date=2005-01-31}}</ref>

==== Buddhism ====
[[File:Guo Xu album dated 1503 (3).jpg|thumb|Drunken [[Xian (Taoism)|Immortal]] supported and escorted by a demon, by Guo Xu, [[Ming dynasty]] China.]]
In [[Buddhism]], in general, the consumption of intoxicants is discouraged for both monastics and lay followers. Many Buddhists observe a basic code of ethics known as the [[five precepts]], of which the fifth precept is an undertaking to refrain from the consumption of intoxicating substances<ref>{{cite book |last=Gwynne |first=Paul |title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-97227-4 |chapter=The Buddhist Pancasila |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o08nDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> (except [[Alcohols (medicine)|for medical reasons]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Gombrich |first=Richard F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3Z-dHpBsBsC |title=Buddhist Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon |date=1995 |publisher=[[Kegan Paul, Trench and Company]] |isbn=978-0-7103-0444-5 |page=298 |author-link=Richard Gombrich}}</ref> In the [[Bodhisattva vow|''bodhisattva'' vows]] of the ''[[Brahmajāla Sūtra|Brahmajala Sutra]]'', observed by [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhist]] communities, distribution of intoxicants is likewise discouraged, as well as consumption.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Buddhism, Alcohol, and Tea in Medieval China |encyclopedia=Of Tripod and Palate: Food, Politics, and Religion in Traditional China |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWPHAAAAQBAJ |last=Benn |first=James A. |year=2005 |editor-last=Sterckx |editor-first=R. |page=226 |isbn=978-1-4039-7927-8}}</ref>

==== Hinduism ====
In the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] branch of [[Hinduism]], one of the four regulative principles forbids the taking of intoxicants, including alcohol.

==== Judaism ====
[[File:The Phillip Medhurst Picture Torah 104. Lot and his daughters. Genesis cap 19 vv 31-32. Drevet.jpg|thumb|Drunken [[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]] and his daughters, from an illustrated Torah]]

In the Bible, the [[Book of Proverbs]] contains several chapters related to the negative effects of drunkenness and warns to stay away from [[Alcoholic drink|intoxicating beverages]]. The [[Book of Genesis]] refers to the use of wine by [[Lot's daughters]] to rape him. The story of [[Samson]] in the [[Book of Judges]] tells of a monk from the [[tribe of Dan|Israelite tribe of Dan]] who, as a [[Nazirite]], is prohibited from cutting his hair and drinking wine.<ref name="biblical">{{cite web |title=Matthew 1|url=https://netbible.org/|access-date=31 December 2022|website=netbible.org}}</ref> [[Proverbs 31#The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)|Proverbs 31:4]] warns against kings and other rulers drinking wine and similar alcoholic beverages, Proverbs 31:6–7 promotes giving such beverages to the perishing and wine to those whose lives are bitter as a coping mechanism against the likes of poverty and other troubles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proverbs 31: 4–7 NASB—It is not for kings, O Lemuel, It is |url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+31%3A+4-7&version=NASB |website=Bible Gateway}}</ref>

In Judaism, in accordance with the biblical stance against drinking,<ref name="biblical" /> drinking wine is restricted for priests.<ref>The Talmudic decree set a schedule according to which the priests would take turns staying sober. The practice of becoming a 'biblical' monk, is discussed in a full tractate of the [[Mishna]] and Talmud. The Talmud tells of a family 'the sons of Reichab' who never drank wine, although it is not clear if this is considered good or bad.</ref> The biblical command to sanctify the [[Sabbath]] and other holidays has been interpreted as having three ceremonial meals with wine or [[grape juice]], known as ''[[Kiddush]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2016 |title=תעלומת הקידוש השלישי {{pipe}} רותי פויכטונגר |url=https://musaf-shabbat.com/2016/08/21/%25d7%25aa%25d7%25a2%25d7%259c%25d7%2595%25d7%259e%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a7%25d7%2599%25d7%2593%25d7%2595%25d7%25a9-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a9%25d7%259c%25d7%2599%25d7%25a9%25d7%2599-%25d7%25a8%25d7%2595%25d7%25aa%25d7%2599-%25d7%25a4%25d7%2595%25d7%2599%25d7%259b%25d7%2598%25d7%2595%25d7%25a0%25d7%2592/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=מוסף "שבת" – לתורה, הגות ספרות ואמנות |language=he-IL |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206160541/https://musaf-shabbat.com/2016/08/21/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99-%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>The [[Pharisees]], avoiding the [[Zadokites]]' temple-based rituals, had installed many ceremonies which in a way change or contradict the literal meaning of the biblical protocol. These include the ceremony of lighting candles that stay lit during the Sabbath day, eating hot food from a fire lit previously, starting the Sabbath rituals on the night before, and drinking wine with the [[Sabbath]] meal. See [http://www.verednoam.com/articles/NoamQimronSabbathLaws.pdf Qimron Sabbath Laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005232/http://www.verednoam.com/articles/NoamQimronSabbathLaws.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }} Vered Noam, Department of Hebrew Culture Studies, [[Tel Aviv University]] ([http://www.brill.com/dead-sea-discoveries Dead Sea Discoveries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190805/http://www.brill.com/dead-sea-discoveries |date=31 January 2017 }}, Brill Institute)</ref> A number of [[Jewish views on marriage|Jewish marriage ceremonies]] end with the bride and groom drinking a shared cup of wine after reciting [[Sheva Brachot|seven blessings]]; this occurs after a fasting day in some [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] traditions. It has been customary and in many cases even mandated to drink moderately so as to stay [[Sobriety|sober]], and only after the prayers are over.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Menachem |last=Posner |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/581082/jewish/What-is-Judaisms-take-on-alcohol-consumption.htm |title=What is Judaism's take on alcohol consumption? |work=Chabad.org}}</ref>

During the [[Passover Seder|Seder]] on [[Passover]], there is an obligation to drink four ceremonial cups of wine while reciting the [[Haggadah]]. It has been assumed as the source of the wine-drinking ritual at communion in some Christian groups.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 November 2022|title=Was Jesus' Last Supper a Seder?|url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/was-jesus-last-supper-a-seder/|access-date=31 December 2022|website=Biblical Archaeology Society}}</ref> During [[Purim]], there is an obligation to become intoxicated; however, as with many other decrees, this has been avoided in many communities by allowing sleep during the day as a replacement.<ref>The [[Babylonian Talmud]] says in Megillah 7b that "[[Rava (amora)|Rava]] said: A person is obligated to become intoxicated on [[Purim]] until he is unaware of the difference between 'Cursed be [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]]' and 'Blessed be [[Mordechai]].'" This is taken to mean that on the Jewish festival of Purim one is commanded to drink alcohol to the point of intoxication. See [[Yanki Tauber]]: [http://www.chabad.org/global/popup/default_cdo/aid/2814/jewish/The-Purim-Drunk.htm Are Jews actually supposed to get drunk on Purim?] Chabad.org (referring to the Talmudic tractate Megillah (7b)).</ref>

During the [[Prohibition in the United States|U.S. Prohibition era]] in the 1920s, a [[rabbi]] from the [[Reform Judaism]] movement proposed using grape juice for the ritual instead of wine. Although refuted at first, the practice became widely accepted by [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox Jews]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.torahlab.org/doitright/using_grape_juice_for_kiddush/ |title=Using grape juice for Kiddush |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116114745/http://www.torahlab.org/doitright/using_grape_juice_for_kiddush/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |work=Torahlab website}}</ref>