Editing American redstart (section)

==Mortality==
The oldest known banded redstart  lived to over 10 years of age. Other adults have been known to reach around 5 years. However, few survive past the first stages of life, as the bird is vulnerable to both terrestrial and aerial predators. Highest rates of predation occur during the breeding season when eggs and helpless nestlings are abundant and easy prey for varied predators. Females mostly brood during this period and thus often fall prey to nest predators. Common terrestrial predators include [[red squirrel]]s, [[fisher (animal)|fisher]]s, [[eastern chipmunk]]s, [[American black bear]]s, [[flying squirrel]]s, [[Pantherophis vulpinus|fox snakes]], and [[domestic cat]]s. Aerial predators take nestlings, eggs, or even adults in flight. Aerial predators include [[Skua|jaegers]], [[blue jay]]s, [[common raven]]s, [[northern saw-whet owl]]s, [[common grackle]]s, [[northern goshawk]]s, [[sharp-shinned hawk]]s, and [[Cooper's hawk]]s.<ref name="Cornell"/><ref>McCallum, C., S. Hannon. 2001. ''Accipiter predation of American redstart nestlings''. The Condor, 103/1: 192–194.</ref>