Editing Angels in art (section)

==Islamic art==
[[File:Islamic_angel,_persian_miniature.jpg|thumb|upright|Angel in a [[Mughal miniature]], in the style of [[Bukhara]], 16th century]] Angels in Islamic art often appear in illustrated manuscripts of Muhammad's life. Other common depictions of angels in Islamic art include angels with Adam and Eve in the [[Garden of Eden]], angels discerning the saved from the damned on the Day of Judgement, and angels as a repeating motif in borders or textiles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Images of Paradise in Islamic Art|last=Blair|first=Sheila|publisher=Hood Museum of Art|year=1991|location=Dartmouth College|page=36}}</ref> Islamic depictions of angels resemble winged Christian angels, although Islamic angels are typically shown with multicolored wings.<ref name=":0" /> Angels, such as the archangel Gabriel, are typically depicted as masculine, which is consistent with God's rejection of feminine depictions of angels in several verses of [[Quran]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy Qur'an|last=Ali|first=Mualana Muhammad|pages=149–150}}</ref> Nevertheless, later depictions of angels in Islamic art are more feminine and androgynous.<ref name=":0" />

===Angels in manuscripts===
The 13th-century book ''Ajā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt'' ''[[ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt|(The Wonders of Creation)]]'' by [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]] describes Islamic angelology, and is often illustrated with many images of angels. The angels are typically depicted with bright, vivid colors, giving them unusual liveliness and other-worldly translucence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/8961/|title=The Wonders of Creation|date=1750|website=wdl.org|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> While some angels are referred to as "Guardians of the Kingdom of God," others are associated with hell. An undated manuscript of ''The Wonders of Creation'' from the Bavarian State Library in Munich includes depictions of angels both alone and alongside humans and animals.<ref name=":1"/> Angels are also illustrated in [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] manuscripts, such as ''The Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension'' ({{Transliteration|ar|Mir‘ajnama}}) and the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]''.<ref name=":3" />

====Angels in heaven and hell====
[[File:Deux livres en turc-oriental écrit (...)Ferid ed-Din btv1b8427195m-1.jpg|thumb|upright|Zabaniya and the punishment of hypocrites (cutting of flesh) from ''The Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension,'' c. 1436''.''|alt=]]
[[File:Adam and the Angels watched by Iblis.jpg|thumb|left|Manuscript of the ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings|Annals of al-Tabari]]'' depicting Iblis, the angels and Adam. ''[[Topkapı Sarayı]]'' in [[Istanbul]].]]
The Qur’an makes multiple references to angels. These angels take on both active and passive roles in Quranic stories. In the story of the creation of Adam, God announces to the angels that he intends to create man. The angels act as witnesses to this announcement and subsequent creation of Adam. Although there are many versions of the story, Islamic sources relate that God used the creation of Adam as a punishment or test for the angels. Therefore, the role of angels is often described as in opposition to man.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chipman|first=Leigh N. B.|date=2002|title=Adam and the Angels: An Examination of Mythic Elements in Islamic Sources|journal=Arabica|volume=49|issue=4 |pages=429–455|doi=10.1163/15700580260375407}}</ref>

Another angel-like creature mentioned in the Qu’ran (4:97, 32:11) is the ''[[Zabaniyya|zabāniya]].'' A ''zabāniya'' is a black angel of hell that brings souls of sinners down to hell to punish them and can be seen in illustrations of ''The Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension'' (c. 1436 A.D.). There are nineteen ''zabāniya,'' led by ''[[Maalik|Mālik]]'', an angel considered to be the master of fire or the gatekeeper of hell''.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lange|first=Christian|date=2016|title=Revisiting Hell's Angels in the Quran|journal=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions|pages= 74–100|doi=10.1163/9789004301368_005 |isbn=978-90-04-30121-4 }}</ref> ''Mālik's'' and ''zabāniya's'' categorizations as angels are debated as some believe they are better described as spirits or demons. Actually, portrayal of ''Zabaniyya'' shares many traits characteristical for demons in Islamic arts.<ref>Sheila Blair, Jonathan M. Bloom ''The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800'' Yale University Press 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-300-06465-0}} p. 62</ref> As seen in ''The Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension,'' Muhammad is greeted by ''Mālik'' and later witnesses the torture of sinners carried out by the ''zabāniya.''<ref name=":3" />

Similar, the [[fallen angel#Islam|fallen angel]] [[Iblis]] is shown during his moment of refusal to prostrate himself before the newly created Adam, leading to his banishment to the bottom of hell. He is depicted as a black-skinned monstrous creature with horns and flaming eyes, in contrast to the presentation of the noble angels. Only his wings remain as a sign of his former angelic status, however with burned edges.<ref>{{Cite book|last1= Mittman|first1=Asa Simon|last2=Dendle|first2=Peter|title=the Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous|publisher=Routledge|date=2017|chapter= 6}}</ref>

====Angels associated with Muhammad====
[[File:Muhammad_during_the_Mi'raj_-_from_Jami_al-Tawarikh.jpg|thumb|Muhammad beside al-Buraq, which holds a closed book in its hands while its tail appears to transform into an angel wielding a shield and a sword, is approached by two angels, one of whom holds a gold cup on a platter from ''[[Jami' al-Tawarikh]]'' (The Compendium of Chronicles), c. 1307.|alt=]]
Although depictions of Muhammad are often forbidden, the few that exist often include images of angels. Specifically, the Archangel Gabriel is frequently shown alongside Muhammad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Images of paradise in Islamic art|author=Blair, Sheila S.|date=1991|publisher=Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College|isbn=0944722083|oclc=611668403}}</ref> For example, in ''The Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension'', the Archangel Gabriel appears to Muhammad in Mecca to announce his ascension.<ref name=":3">Gruber, Christiane J. (2008). ''The Timurid "Book of Ascension" (Micrajnama): A Study of the Text and Image in a Pan-Asian Context''. Patrimonia. p. 254</ref> Kneeling before Muhammad, Gabriel is shown with colorful wings and a crown. Later in ''The Timurid Book,'' Muhammad is shown with Gabriel meeting a group of angels in heaven. In the ''Jami' al-tawarikh'', a Persian history from the 14th century, Muhammad is depicted beside al-Buraq, whose tail is transformed into an angel, while two other angels approach.<ref name=":3" /> A 16th-century Ottoman manuscript of ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]'', a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, also includes many depictions of Muhammad alongside angels.<ref name=":2" />