Editing Annotation (section)

=== Learning and instruction ===
From a cognitive perspective, annotation has an important role in learning and instruction.  As part of guided noticing it involves highlighting, naming or labelling and commenting aspects of visual representations to help focus learners' attention on specific visual aspects. In other words, it means the assignment of typological representations (culturally meaningful categories), to topological representations (e.g. images).<ref>{{cite book |first=R.D. |last=Pea |chapter=Video-as-Data and Digital Video Manipulation Techniques for Transforming Learning Sciences Research, Education, and Other Cultural Practices |chapter-url= |editor= |title=The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments |publisher=Springer |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-4020-3803-7 |pages=1321–93 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-3803-7_55|url=https://telearn.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190627/file/A127_Pea_HVLE_DIVER.pdf }}</ref> This is especially important when experts, such as medical doctors, interpret visualizations in detail and explain their interpretations to others, for example by means of digital technology.<ref>{{cite journal |first=E. |last=Coiera |title=Communication spaces |journal=J Am Med Inform Assoc |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=414–422 |date=2014 |doi=10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001520 |pmid=24005797|pmc=3994845 }}</ref> Here, annotation can be a way to establish [[Grounding in communication|common ground]] between interactants with different levels of knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Herbert H. |last1=Clark |title=Using Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiWBGOP-YnoC |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56745-9}}</ref> The value of annotation has been empirically confirmed, for example, in a study which shows that in computer-based teleconsultations the integration of image annotation and speech leads to significantly improved knowledge exchange compared with the use of images and speech without annotation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pimmer |first1=C. |last2=Mateescu |first2=M. |last3=Zahn |first3=C. |last4=Genewein |first4=U. |title=Smartphones as multimodal communication devices to facilitate clinical knowledge processes — a randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=e263 |date=2013 |doi=10.2196/jmir.2758 |pmid=24284080 |pmc=3868983 |doi-access=free }}</ref>