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Anti-Comintern Pact
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==== Racial Equality Proposal of 1919, Washington Naval Conference of 1922 ==== {{Main|Racial Equality Proposal|Washington Naval Conference}} [[Japan during World War I|Japan had fought in the Great War]] on the side of the victorious [[Entente Powers]]. However, as part of the [[Washington Naval Conference|Washington Naval Conference of 1922]], the United States and United Kingdom successfully managed to both limit Japan's naval forces by treaty and to force Japan to surrender her gains in China made during World War I. While there were some advantages for Tokyo gained during the conference – it was granted parity with USA and UK in the Pacific Ocean and was entitled to build a navy that would outmatch the French and Italian navies, as well as being recognized as the world's only non-western colonial power – the treaty was unpopular in Japan. Japanese nationalists, as well as the Imperial Japanese Navy, denounced the treaty's restrictive aspects.<ref name="Boog-2001">{{Cite book |last1=Boog |first1=Horst |title=The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943 |last2=Rahn |first2=Werner |last3=Stumpf |first3=Reinhard |last4=Wegner |first4=Bernd |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=2001 |series=Germany and the Second World War |volume=6 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Osers |translator-first=Ewald |display-authors=1 |author-link=Horst Boog}}</ref>{{Rp|193–194}}<ref name="Bix-2007">{{Cite book |last=Bix |first=Herbert P. |title=Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan |title-link=Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan |publisher=HarperCollins e-books |year=2007 |isbn=9780061570742 |location=New York City |author-link=Herbert P. Bix |orig-year=2000}}</ref>{{Rp|101}} Culturally, the 1922 Washington Treaty was viewed as yet another betrayal by the Western powers, after the Japanese [[Racial Equality Proposal|proposals for guaranteed racial equality]] under the [[League of Nations]] had been rejected in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shimazu |first=Naoko |title=Japan, Race, and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 |year=1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203207178}}</ref><ref name="Bix-2007" />{{Rp|68}} This perception of national humiliation was further accelerated by the economic downturn that Japan experienced in the 1920s, exemplified by the 1927 financial panic in Japan ([[Shōwa financial crisis]]), which had also caused political instability and the fall of the first cabinet of [[Reijirō Wakatsuki]], and by the 1929 [[Great Depression]].<ref name="Ohata-1976">{{Cite book |last=Ohata |first=Tokushiro |url=https://archive.org/details/deterrentdiploma00morl/page/1 |title=Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935–1940: Selected Translations from Taiheiyō sensō e no michi, kaisen gaikō shi |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1976 |isbn=9780231089692 |editor-last=Morley |editor-first=James William |location=New York City |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deterrentdiploma00morl/page/1 1–112] |translator-last=Baerwald |translator-first=Hans H. |chapter=The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935-1939 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/deterrentdiploma00morl}}</ref>{{Rp|9}} German historian [[Bernd Martin (historian)|Bernd Martin]] dubbed the Washington Naval Conference the "Japanese '[[Versailles Treaty|Versailles]]'."<ref name="Martin-1970" />{{Rp|607}}
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