Editing Anti-English sentiment (section)

=== Ireland ===
{{further|Ireland–United Kingdom relations}}

There is a long tradition of Anglophobia within [[Irish nationalism]]. Much of this was grounded in the hostility felt by the largely Catholic Irish for the [[Anglo-Irish]] people, which was mainly [[Anglican]]. In Ireland before the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], anti-English hostility was deep-seated and was manifested in increased anti-English hostility organised by [[Society of United Irishmen|United Irishmen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Alvin |year=1999 |title=Ireland 1798-1998: War, Peace and Beyond |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Robert William |year=2006 |title=Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Biagini |first1=Eugenio R. |year=2007 |title=British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 1876–1906 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=31}}</ref> In post-famine Ireland, anti-English hostility was adopted into the philosophy and foundation of the Irish nationalist movement. At the turn of the 20th century, the [[Celtic Revival]] movement associated the search for a cultural and national identity with an increasing anti-colonial and anti-English sentiment.<ref>Seán Farrell Moran, ''Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916'', p.54</ref> Anti-English themes manifested in national organisations seen as promoting native Irish values, with the emergence of groups like [[Sinn Féin]].{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} One popular nationalist slogan was "[[England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity]]" and the well-known anti-World-War-I song "[[Who is Ireland's Enemy?]]" used past events to conclude that it was England, and furthermore that Irish people ought to "pay those devils back".<ref name="Marta">{{cite book|last1=Ramón |first1=Marta |year=2007 |title=A Provisional Dictator: James Stephens and the Fenian Movement |location=Dublin |publisher=University College Dublin Press |isbn=9781904558644 |page=103 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Christopher M. |date=2010 |title=Genesis of the Rising, 1912-1916: A Transformation of Nationalist Opinion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xeSuTqlkhQC&q=%22Who+is+Ireland%27s+enemy%22&pg=PA99 |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=9781433105005 |page=99 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (GAA) was founded in 1884 as a counter-measure against the Anglo-Irish Athletic Association, which promoted and supervised British sports such as English [[Association football|football]] in Ireland. The GAA was founded in the anti-English ideas of [[Thomas Croke]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly|Cashel and Emly]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lyons |first1=F.S.L |year=1971 |title=Ireland Since the Famine: An Incomparable Survey of Modern Irish History |location=London |publisher=Fontana Press |pages=226–227}}</ref> From 1886 to 1971 the GAA focused national pride into distinctly non-English activities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tanner |first1=Marcus |year=2004 |title=The Last of the Celts |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |page=104}}</ref> Members were forbidden to belong to organisations that played "English" games and the organisation countered the Anglicisation in Irish society.<ref>Joseph V. O'Brien, ''Dear, Dirty Dublin: A City in Distress, 1899-1916'', p.244</ref><ref>Seán Farrell Moran, ''Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916'', p.55</ref><ref>''The G.A.A.: A History of the Gaelic Athletic Association'', pp.65-66. Dublin: Cumann Luthchleas Geal, 1980</ref> With the development in Ireland of Irish games and the arts, the Celtic revivalists and nationalists identified characteristics of what they defined as the "Irish Race". A nationalistic identity developed, as the opposite of the Anglo-Saxons and untainted by the [[Anglo-Irish]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moran |first1=Seán Farrell |year=1994 |title=Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=The Catholic University of America Press |pages=58–59}}</ref> A sense of national identity and Irish distinctiveness as well as an anti-English assertiveness was reinforced to Catholics by teachers in [[hedge school]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyce |first1=D. George |author1-link=D. G. Boyce |last2=O'Day |first2=Alan |year=2001 |title=Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism Since 1801 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=61}}</ref>

A feeling of anti-English sentiment intensified within Irish nationalism during the [[Military history of South Africa#Boer Wars|Boer Wars]], leading to xenophobia underlined by Anglophobia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCracken |first1=Donal P. |year=2003 |title=Forgotten Protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War |location=Belfast |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |page=16}}</ref> Two units of [[Irish commandos]] fought with the [[Boer]] against British forces during the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902). J. Donnolly, a member of the brigade, wrote to the editor of the ''Irish News'' in 1901:

<blockquote>It was not for the love of the Boer we were fighting; it was for the hatred of the English. (J. Donnolly letter to the ''Irish News'', 1901)<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCracken |first1=Donal P. |year=2003 |title=Forgotten Protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War |location=Belfast |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |page=19}}</ref></blockquote>

The pro-Boer movement gained widespread support in Ireland, and over 20,000 supporters demonstrated in [[Dublin]] in 1899 where Irish nationalism, anti-English and pro-Boer attitudes were one and the same. There was a pro-Boer movement in England as well but the English pro-Boer movement was not based on anti-English sentiments. These opposing views and animosity led the English and Irish pro-Boer groups to maintain a distance from one another.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCracken |first1=Donal P. |year=2003 |title=Forgotten Protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War |location=Belfast |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |page=20}}</ref> Despite this, far more Irishmen joined various Irish Regiments of the British Army during this time, more so than pro-Boer commandos.

The [[W. B. Yeats]] play ''[[The Countess Cathleen]]'', written in 1892, has anti-English overtones comparing the English gentry to demons who come for Irish souls.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Delmer |first1=Frederick Sefton |author-link=Frederick Sefton Delmer |year=1911 |title=English Literature from "Beowulf" to Bernard Shaw |location=Berlin |publisher=Weldmann |page=13}}</ref> Films set during the [[Irish War of Independence]], such as ''[[The Informer (1935 film)|The Informer]]'' (1935) and the ''[[The Plough and the Stars (film)|Plough and the Stars]]'' (1936), were criticised by the [[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]] for the director [[John Ford]]'s anti-English content and in recent years, ''[[Michael Collins (film)|Michael Collins]]'' and ''[[The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley]]'' (despite being a joint British-Irish production) have led to accusations of Anglophobia in the British press. In 2006, [[Antony Booth]], the father-in-law of [[Tony Blair]], claimed he was the victim of anti-English vandalism and discrimination while living in [[County Cavan]], Ireland, with his wife.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=James C. |year=2016 |title=The British Board of Film Censors: Film Censorship in Britain, 1896–1950 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Michael Collins Films Stirs Controversy |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~sc.i/mc_controversy.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023075905/http://www.btinternet.com/~sc.i/mc_controversy.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Andrew |date=14 June 2000 |title=Hollywood's racist lies about Britain and the British |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~sc.i/hollywoods_racist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023075940/http://www.btinternet.com/~sc.i/hollywoods_racist.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |website=The Daily Express |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Luckhurst">{{cite web |last1=Luckhurst |first1=Tim |date=31 May 2006 |title=Director in a class of his own |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/china/director-in-a-class-of-his-own-sf2ft9jbqgb |website=[[The Times]] |language=en-GB |access-date=September 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Peterkin |first1=Tom |date=18 August 2006 |title='Anti-English bias' ends Booth's Irish idyll |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1526694/Anti-English-bias-ends-Booths-Irish-idyll.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216012505/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1526694/Anti-English-bias-ends-Booths-Irish-idyll.html |archive-date=16 February 2014 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> In August 2008 an English pipe fitter based in Dublin was awarded €20,000 for the racial abuse and discrimination he received at his workplace.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2008 |title=Englishman wins Irish race case |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7555589.stm |website=BBC News |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010220411/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7555589.stm |archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

In 2011, tensions and anti-English or anti-British feelings flared in relation to the proposed visit of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], the first [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] to visit Ireland in 100 years. The invitation by the [[President of Ireland]], [[Mary McAleese]], and the [[Irish government]], was hailed by the Irish press as a historic visit but was criticised by [[Sinn Féin]] President [[Gerry Adams]].<ref name="guardian.co.uk2">{{cite news |last=McDonald |first=Henry |date=23 June 2010 |title=Queen to visit Irish Republic by end of next year |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/23/queen-to-visit-irish-republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626222047/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/23/queen-to-visit-irish-republic |archive-date=26 June 2010 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2011|title=Sinn Fein's Gerry Adams slams Queen Elizabeth's upcoming visit to Ireland|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/news/sinn-feins-gerry-adams-slams-queen-elizabeths-upcoming-visit-to-ireland-117456423-237373451.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217083035/http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Sinn-Feins-Gerry-Adams-slams-Queen-Elizabeths-upcoming-visit-to-Ireland-117456423.html|archive-date=17 December 2013|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> An anti-Queen demonstration was held at the GPO Dublin by a small group of Irish Republicans on 26 February 2011,{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} and a mock [[trial]] and [[decapitation]] of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II were carried out by socialist republican group [[Éirígí]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Debets |first1=Michael |date=16 April 2011 |title=Queen Elizabeth effigy beheaded in mock trial |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/660234/queen-elizabeth-effigy-beheaded-mock-trial-dublin#media-660204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228002814/http://www.demotix.com/news/660234/queen-elizabeth-effigy-beheaded-mock-trial-dublin |archive-date=28 December 2013 |website=DemotiX |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> Other protests included one Dublin publican (the father of [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] player [[Anthony Stokes]]) hanging a banner declaring "the Queen will never be welcome in this country".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bloxham |first=Andy |date=20 May 2011 |title=The Queen in Ireland: standing ovation in Dublin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8525271/The-Queen-in-Ireland-standing-ovation-in-Dublin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122153847/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8525271/The-Queen-in-Ireland-standing-ovation-in-Dublin.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |work=The Telegraph |location=London |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

In 2018, the Irish author and journalist [[Megan Nolan]] wrote an opinion piece for ''[[The New York Times]]'' that detailed how she had come to hate [[England]] and [[English people]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nolan |first=Megan |date=October 18, 2018 |title=I Didn't Hate the English — Until Now |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/18/opinion/england-ireland-border-brexit.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=[[nytimes.com]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>