Editing Apollo 14 (section)

== Mission highlights ==
[[File:Apollo 14 Saturn V climbs.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Launch of Apollo 14]]

=== Launch and flight to lunar orbit ===
Apollo 14 launched from Launch Complex 39-A at KSC at 4:03:02&nbsp;pm (21:03:02 UTC), January 31, 1971.<ref name = "mission overview" /> This followed a launch delay due to weather of 40 minutes and 2 seconds; the first such delay in the Apollo program. The original planned time, 3:23&nbsp;pm, was at the very start of the launch window of just under four hours; had Apollo 14 not launched during it, it could not have departed until March. Apollo 12 had launched during poor weather and twice been struck by lightning, as a result of which the rules had been tightened. Among those present to watch the launch were U.S. Vice President [[Spiro T. Agnew]] and the [[Prince of Spain]], the future King [[Juan Carlos I]].<ref name = "mission overview" /><ref name = "journal launch" /> The mission would take a faster trajectory to the Moon than planned, and thus make up the time in flight. Because it had, just over two days after launch, the mission timers would be put ahead by 40 minutes and 3 seconds so that later events would take place at the times scheduled in the flight plan.<ref name = "journal ground elapsed time">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap14fj/08_day03_get_update.html|title=Day 3: Ground Elapsed Time update|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=August 1, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027154127/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap14fj/08_day03_get_update.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the vehicle reached orbit, the [[S-IVB]] third stage shut down, and the astronauts performed checks of the spacecraft before restarting the stage for translunar injection (TLI), the burn that placed the vehicle on course for the Moon. After TLI, the CSM separated from the S-IVB, and Roosa performed the transposition maneuver, turning it around in order to dock with the LM before the entire spacecraft separated from the stage. Roosa, who had practiced the maneuver many times, hoped to break the record for the least amount of propellant used in docking. But when he gently brought the modules together, the docking mechanism would not activate. He made several attempts over the next two hours, as mission controllers huddled and sent advice. If the LM could not be extracted from its place on the S-IVB, no lunar landing could take place, and with consecutive failures, the Apollo program might end.{{sfn|Moseley 2011|pp=145–147}} Mission Control proposed that they try it again with the docking probe retracted, hoping the contact would trigger the latches. This worked, and within an hour the joined spacecraft had separated from the S-IVB.{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|p=354}} The stage was set on a course to impact the Moon, which it did just over three days later, causing the Apollo 12 seismometer to register vibrations for over three hours.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=398}}

The crew settled in for its voyage to Fra Mauro. At 60:30 Ground Elapsed Time, Shepard and Mitchell entered the LM to check its systems; while there they photographed a wastewater dump from the CSM, part of a particle contamination study in preparation for [[Skylab]].{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=398}} Two midcourse corrections were performed on the translunar coast, with one burn lasting 10.19 seconds and one lasting 0.65 seconds.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=399}}

=== Lunar orbit and descent ===
[[File:View of Antares from Kitty Hawk (14206333137).jpg|thumb|right|''Antares'' as seen from ''Kitty Hawk'']]
At 81:56:40.70 into the mission (February 4 at 1:59:43&nbsp;am EST; 06:59:43 UTC), the Service Propulsion System engine in the SM was fired for 370.84 seconds to send the craft into a lunar orbit with [[apocynthion]] of {{convert|169|nmi}} and [[pericynthion]] of {{convert|58.1|nmi}}. A second burn, at 86:10:52 mission time, sent the spacecraft into an orbit of {{convert|58.8|nmi}} by {{convert|9.1|nmi}}. This was done in preparation for the release of the LM ''Antares''. Apollo 14 was the first mission on which the CSM propelled the LM to the lower orbit—though Apollo 13 would have done so had the abort not already occurred. This was done to increase the amount of hover time available to the astronauts, a safety factor since Apollo 14 was to land in rough terrain.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=399}}

After separating from the command module in lunar orbit, the LM ''Antares'' had two serious problems. First, the LM computer began getting an ABORT signal from a faulty switch. NASA believed the computer might be getting erroneous readings like this if a tiny ball of solder had shaken loose and was floating between the switch and the contact, closing the circuit. The immediate solution&nbsp;– tapping on the panel next to the switch&nbsp;– did work briefly, but the circuit soon closed again. If the problem recurred after the descent engine fired, the computer would think the signal was real and would initiate an auto-abort, causing the [[Apollo Lunar Module#Ascent stage|ascent stage]] to separate from the [[Apollo Lunar Module#Descent stage|descent stage]] and climb back into orbit. NASA and the software teams at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] scrambled to find a solution. The software was hard-wired, preventing it from being updated from the ground. The fix made it appear to the system that an abort had already happened, and it would ignore incoming automated signals to abort. This would not prevent the astronauts from piloting the ship, though if an abort became necessary, they might have to initiate it manually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adler |first1=Doug |title=How an MIT computer scientist saved Apollo 14 |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/06/hacking-apollo-14-how-an-mit-computer-scientists-saved-a-lunar-landing |access-date=June 27, 2019 |work=Astronomy |publisher=Kalmbach Media |date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> Mitchell entered the changes with minutes to go until planned ignition.{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|pp=357–358}}

A second problem occurred during the powered descent, when the LM [[Doppler radar|landing radar]] failed to lock automatically onto the Moon's surface, depriving the navigation computer of vital information on the vehicle's altitude and vertical descent speed. After the astronauts cycled the landing radar breaker, the unit successfully acquired a signal near {{convert|22000|ft|m}}. Mission rules required an abort if the landing radar was out at  {{convert|10000|ft|m}}, though Shepard might have tried to land without it. With the landing radar, Shepard steered the LM to a landing which was the closest to the intended target of the six missions that landed on the Moon.{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|pp=358–359}}

=== Lunar surface operations ===
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Shepard stated, after stepping onto the lunar surface, "And it's been a long way, but we're here."<ref name = "down the ladder" /> The first EVA began at 9:42&nbsp;am EST (14:42 UTC) on February 5, 1971, having been delayed by a problem with the communications system which set back the start of the first EVA to five hours after landing. The astronauts devoted much of the first EVA to equipment offloading, deployment of the ALSEP and [[Lunar Flag Assembly|the US flag]],<ref name = "surface overview" >{{cite web|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/surface_opp/|title=Apollo 14 mission: Surface operations overview|access-date=August 8, 2020|publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]}}</ref> as well as setting up and loading the MET. These activities were televised back to Earth, though the picture tended to degenerate during the latter portion of the EVA.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=400}} Mitchell deployed the ASE's geophone lines, unreeling and emplacing the two {{convert|310|ft}} lines leading out from the ALSEP's Central Station. He then fired the thumper explosives, vibrations from which would give scientists back on Earth information about the depth and composition of the lunar regolith. Of the 21 thumpers,<ref name = "deploy">{{cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.alsepdep.html |title=ALSEP deployment |date=July 3, 2017|editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> five failed to fire.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=400}} On the way back to the LM, the astronauts collected and documented lunar samples, and took photographs of the area.<ref name = "surface overview" /> The first EVA lasted 4 hours, 47 minutes, 50 seconds.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=400}}

[[File:Mitchell Studies Map (9460206836).jpg|thumb|right|Mitchell studies a map while on the Moon.]]
The astronauts had been surprised by the undulating ground, expecting flatter terrain in the area of the landing, and this became an issue on the second EVA, as they set out, MET in tow, for the rim of Cone crater. The craters that Shepard and Mitchell planned to use for navigational landmarks looked very different on the ground than on the maps they had, based on overhead shots taken from lunar orbit. Additionally, they consistently overestimated the distance they travelled. Mission Control and the CAPCOM, Fred Haise, could see nothing of this, as the television camera remained near the LM, but they worried as the clock ticked on the EVA, and monitored the heavy breathing and rapid heartbeats of the astronauts. They topped one ridge that they expected was the crater rim, only to view more such terrain beyond. Although Mitchell strongly suspected the rim was nearby, they had become physically exhausted from the effort. They were then instructed by Haise to sample where they were and then start moving back towards the LM. Later analysis using the pictures they took determined that they had come within about {{convert|65|ft|m}} of the crater's rim.<ref name = "cone">{{cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.tocone.html|title=Climbing Cone Ridge—Where are we? |date=September 29, 2017|editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|pp=369–377}} Images from the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (LRO) show the tracks of the astronauts and the MET come to within 30&nbsp;m of the rim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/index.php?/archives/91-Trail-of-Discovery-at-Fra-Mauro.html |title=Trail of Discovery at Fra Mauro |last=Lawrence |first=Samuel |date=August 19, 2009 |work=Featured Images |publisher=LROC News System |location=Tempe, Arizona |access-date=May 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410062244/http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/index.php?%2Farchives%2F91-Trail-of-Discovery-at-Fra-Mauro.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The difficulties faced by Shepard and Mitchell would emphasize the need for a means of transportation on the lunar surface with a navigation system, which was met by the Lunar Roving Vehicle, already planned to fly on Apollo 15.{{sfn|Shayler & Burgess 2017|p=289}}

Once the astronauts returned to the vicinity of the LM and were again within view of the television camera, Shepard performed a stunt he had been planning for years in the event he reached the Moon, and which is probably what Apollo 14 is best remembered for.{{sfn|Wilhelms 1993|p=254}} Shepard brought along a [[Wilson Staff|Wilson]] [[Iron (golf)|six iron golf club head]], which he had modified to attach to the handle of the contingency sample tool, and two golf balls.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trostel |first1=Michael |title=3 Things: The Moon Club |url=https://www.usga.org/content/usga/home-page/articles/2019/02/three-things-alan-shepard-moon-club.html |website=USGA |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> Shepard took several one-handed swings (due to the limited flexibility of the EVA suit) and exuberantly exclaimed that the second ball went "miles and miles and miles" in the low lunar gravity.{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|p=375}} Mitchell then threw a lunar scoop handle as if it were a [[Javelin throw|javelin]]. The "javelin" and one of the golf balls wound up in a crater together, with Mitchell's projectile a bit further. In an interview with Ottawa Golf, Shepard stated the other landed near the ALSEP.<ref name = "golf">{{cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.clsout2.html|title=EVA-2 Closeout and the Golf Shots|date=December 17, 2015|editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> The second EVA lasted 4 hours, 34 minutes, 41 seconds.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=401}} Shepard brought back the club, gave it to the [[USGA Museum]] in New Jersey, and had a replica made which he gave to the [[National Air and Space Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Head, Golf Club, Apollo 14, Replica |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-object/nasm_A19751468000 |website=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> In February 2021, to commemorate Apollo 14's 50th anniversary, imaging specialist [[Andy Saunders (film restorer)|Andy Saunders]], who had previously worked to produce the clearest image of [[Neil Armstrong]] on the Moon, produced new, digitally enhanced images that were used to estimate the final resting places of the two balls that Shepard hit - the first landed approximately 24 yards from the "tee", while the second managed 40 yards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/golf/55927727 |title=Golf on the moon: Apollo 14 50th anniversary images prove how far Alan Shepard hit ball |last= Scrivener|first=Peter |date=February 4, 2021 |website=BBC Sport |publisher= |access-date=February 4, 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
[[Image:Apollo 14 golf.jpg|thumb|left|Lunar surface [[Apollo TV camera|television]] showing Shepard taking a couple of [[Golf#Stroke mechanics|golf swings]]]]

==== Lunar samples ====
[[File:Big Bertha sample 14321.jpg|thumb|right|The "[[Big Bertha (lunar sample)|Big Bertha]]" rock (Lunar Sample 14321) was the third largest rock collected during the Apollo program.]]

A total of {{convert|94|lb}} of Moon rocks, or lunar samples, were brought back from Apollo 14. Most are [[breccia]]s, which are rocks composed of fragments of other, older rocks. Breccias form when the heat and pressure of meteorite impacts fuse small rock fragments together. There were a few basalts that were collected in this mission in the form of clasts (fragments) in breccia. The Apollo 14 basalts are generally richer in aluminum and sometimes richer in potassium than other lunar basalts. Most [[lunar mare]] basalts collected during the Apollo program were formed from 3.0 to 3.8&nbsp;billion years ago. The Apollo 14 basalts were formed 4.0 to 4.3&nbsp;billion years ago, older than the volcanism known to have occurred at any of the mare locations reached during the Apollo program.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/samples/ |title=Apollo 14 Mission Lunar Sample Overview |publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]] |format=URL |access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref>

Some geologists were pleased enough with the close approach to Cone crater to send a case of scotch to the astronauts while they were in post-mission quarantine, though their enthusiasm was tempered by the fact that Shepard and Mitchell had documented few of the samples they brought back, making it hard and sometimes impossible to discern where they came from.{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|pp=377–378}} Others were less happy; [[Don Wilhelms]] wrote in his book on the geological aspects of Apollo, "the golf game did not set well with most geologists in light of the results at Cone crater. The total haul from the rim-flank of Cone&nbsp;... was 16 Hasselblad photographs (out of a mission total of 417), six rock-size samples heavier than 50 g, and a grand total of 10&nbsp;kg of samples, 9&nbsp;kg of which are in one rock ([[Big Bertha (lunar sample)|sample 14321]] [i.e., [[Big Bertha (lunar sample)|Big Bertha]]]). That is to say, apart from 14321 we have less than 1 kg of rock—962 g to be exact—from what in my opinion is the most important single point reached by astronauts on the Moon."{{sfn|Wilhelms 1993|p=254}} Geologist [[Leon Silver|Lee Silver]] stated, "The Apollo 14 crews did not have the right attitude, did not learn enough about their mission, had the burden of not having the best possible preflight photography, and they weren't ready."{{sfn|Phinney 2015|p=112}} In their sourcebook on Apollo, Richard W. Orloff and David M. Harland doubted that if Apollo 13 had reached the Moon, Lovell, and Haise, given a more distant landing point, could have got as close to Cone crater as Shepard and Mitchell did.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=406}}
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In January 2019 research showed that Big Bertha, which weighs {{convert|19.837|lb}}, has characteristics that make it likely to be a terrestrial (Earth) meteorite. Granite and quartz, which are commonly found on Earth but very rarely found on the Moon, were confirmed to exist on Big Bertha. To find the sample's age, the research team from [[Curtin University]] looked at bits of the mineral zircon embedded in its structure. "By determining the age of zircon found in the sample, we were able to pinpoint the age of the host rock at about four billion years old, making it similar to the oldest rocks on Earth," researcher Alexander Nemchin said, adding that "the chemistry of the zircon in this sample is very different from that of every other zircon grain ever analyzed in lunar samples, and remarkably similar to that of zircons found on Earth." This would mean Big Bertha is both the first discovered terrestrial meteorite and the oldest known Earth rock.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Terrestrial-like zircon in a clast from an Apollo 14 breccia |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=510 |pages=173–185 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.010 |year=2019 |last1=Bellucci |first1=J.J. |last2=Nemchin |first2=A.A. |last3=Grange |first3=M. |last4=Robinson |first4=K.L. |last5=Collins |first5=G. |last6=Whitehouse |first6=M.J. |last7=Snape |first7=J.F. |last8=Norman |first8=M.D. |last9=Kring |first9=D.A. |bibcode=2019E&PSL.510..173B |hdl=10044/1/69314 |s2cid=133957603 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-3564 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gohd|first=Chelsea|url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/01/a-moon-rock-collected-by-apollo-14-astronauts-likely-originated-on-earth |title=A lunar rock sample found by Apollo 14 astronauts likely came from Earth |work=Astronomy |access-date=October 1, 2020|date=January 29, 2019|publisher=Kalmbach Media}}</ref>

=== Lunar orbit operations ===
[[File:Apollo 14 Command and Service Modules (CSM).jpg|thumb|right|''Kitty Hawk'' in lunar orbit]]
Roosa spent almost two days alone aboard ''Kitty Hawk'', performing the first intensive program of scientific observation from lunar orbit, much of which was intended to have been done by Apollo 13.{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|pp=361–364}} After ''Antares'' separated and its crew began preparations to land, Roosa in ''Kitty Hawk'' performed an SPS burn to send the CSM to an orbit of approximately {{convert|60|nmi}}, and later a [[plane change]] maneuver to compensate for the rotation of the Moon.{{sfn|Mission Report|p=9-19}}

Roosa took pictures from lunar orbit. The Lunar Topographic Camera, also known as the Hycon camera, was supposed to be used to image the surface, including the Descartes Highlands site being considered for Apollo 16, but it quickly developed a fault with the shutter that Roosa could not fix despite considerable help from Houston. Although about half of the photographic targets had to be scrubbed, Roosa was able to obtain photographs of Descartes with a Hasselblad camera and confirm that it was a suitable landing point. Roosa also used the Hasselblad to take photographs of the impact point of Apollo 13's S-IVB near [[Lansberg (crater)#Satellite craters|Lansburg B crater]].{{sfn|Moseley 2011|pp=159–160}}{{sfn|Mission Report|pp=9-20–9-22}} After the mission, troubleshooting found a tiny piece of aluminum contaminating the shutter control circuit, which caused the shutter to operate continuously.{{sfn|Mission Report|pp=14-42–14-43}}

Roosa was able to see sunlight glinting off ''Antares'' and view its lengthy shadow on the lunar surface on Orbit 17; on Orbit 29 he could see the sun reflecting off the ALSEP.{{sfn|Mission Report|p=9-20}} He also took astronomical photographs, of the [[Gegenschein]], and of the [[Lagrangian point]] of the Sun-Earth system that lies beyond the Earth (L{{sub|2}}), testing the theory that the Gegenschein is generated by reflections off particles at L{{sub|2}}. Performing the [[bistatic radar]] experiment, he also focused ''Kitty Hawk''{{'s}} VHF and S-band transmitters at the Moon so that they would bounce off and be detected on Earth in an effort to learn more about the depth of the lunar regolith.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=401}}{{sfn|Mission Report|pp=4-1–4-3}}

=== Return, splashdown and quarantine ===
[[File:Apollo14 - Landung.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Apollo 14 landing in the South Pacific]]
''Antares'' lifted off from the Moon at 1:48:42&nbsp;pm EST<ref name = "mission overview" /> (18:48:42 UTC) on February 6, 1971. Following the first direct (first orbit) rendezvous on a lunar landing mission, docking took place an hour and 47 minutes later. Despite concerns based on the docking problems early in the mission, the docking was successful on the first attempt, though the LM's Abort Guidance System, used for navigation, failed just before the two craft docked. After crew, equipment, and lunar samples were transferred to ''Kitty Hawk'', the ascent stage was jettisoned, and impacted the Moon,{{sfn|Press Kit|p=8}}{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|pp=401–402}} setting off waves registered by the seismometers from Apollo 12 and 14.{{sfn|Mission Report|p=12-3}}

A [[Trans-Earth injection|trans-earth injection]] burn took place on February 6 at 8:39:04&nbsp;pm (February 7 at 01:39:04 UTC) taking 350.8 seconds, during ''Kitty Hawk''{{'s}} 34th lunar revolution.<ref name = "mission overview" />{{sfn|Mission Report|pp=1-2, 6-2}} During the trans-earth coast, two tests of the oxygen system were performed, one to ensure the system would operate properly with low densities of oxygen in the tanks, the second to operate the system at a high flow rate, as would be necessary for the in-flight EVAs scheduled for Apollo 15 and later. Additionally, a navigation exercise was done to simulate a return to Earth following a loss of communications. All were successful.{{sfn|Mission Report|pp=1-2, 7-3, 9-27–9-28}} During his rest periods on the voyage, Mitchell conducted [[Extrasensory perception|ESP]] experiments without NASA's knowledge or sanction, attempting by prearrangement to send images of cards he had brought with him to four people on Earth. He stated after the mission that two of the four had gotten 51 out of 200 correct (the others were less successful), whereas random chance would have dictated 40.{{sfn|Chaikin 1995|p=356}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Astronaut tells of E.S.P. tests|page=22|date=June 22, 1971|access-date=August 16, 2020|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/22/archives/astronaut-tells-of-e-s-p-tests.html}}</ref>
On the final evening in space, the crew conducted a press conference, with the questions submitted to NASA in advance and read to the astronauts by the CAPCOM.{{sfn|Moseley 2011|p=166}}

The command module ''Kitty Hawk'' splashed down in the South Pacific Ocean on February 9, 1971, at 21:05 [UTC], approximately {{convert|900|mi|km}} south of [[American Samoa]]. After recovery by the ship [[USS New Orleans (LPH-11)|USS ''New Orleans'']],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=August 14, 2020|last=Wilford|first=John Noble|title=Apollo astronauts land within a mile of target after a 'terrific flight'|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 10, 1971|page=1|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/10/archives/apollo-astronauts-land-within-a-mile-of-target-after-a-terrific.html}}</ref> the crew was flown to [[Pago Pago International Airport]] in [[Tafuna, American Samoa|Tafuna]], then to Honolulu, then to [[Ellington Air Force Base]] near Houston in a plane containing a [[Mobile Quarantine Facility]] trailer before they continued their quarantine in the [[Lunar Receiving Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=August 14, 2020|title=Crew of Apollo 14 to begin quarantine at Texas lab today|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 12, 1971|page=1|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/10/archives/apollo-astronauts-land-within-a-mile-of-target-after-a-terrific.html}}</ref> They remained there until their release from quarantine on February 27, 1971.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=404}} The Apollo 14 astronauts were the last lunar explorers to be quarantined on their return from the Moon. They were the only Apollo crew to be quarantined both before and after the flight.{{sfn|Moseley 2011|pp=170–171}}

Roosa, who worked in forestry in his youth, took several hundred tree seeds on the flight. These were germinated after the return to Earth, and were widely distributed around the world as commemorative [[Moon tree]]s.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/moon_tree.html| title=The 'Moon Trees'| first=David R.| last=Williams| publisher=[[NASA]]| work=[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]| date=28 July 2009| access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> Some seedlings were given to state forestry associations in 1975 and 1976 to mark the [[United States Bicentennial]].{{sfn|Moseley 2011|p=172}}
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