Editing Approval voting (section)

===Historical===
[[file:The story of the greatest nations, from the dawn of history to the twentieth century - a comprehensive history, founded upon the leading authorities, including a complete chronology of the world, and (14765071792).jpg|300px|thumb|Rows of [[secret ballot|secret]] approval vote boxes from early 1900s [[Greece]], where the voter drops a marble to the right or left of the box, through a tube, one for each candidate standing]]
[[Robert J. Weber]] coined the term "Approval Voting" in 1971.<ref name=":0">{{citation|title=Approval Voting|first1=Steven J.|last1=Brams|author1-link=Steven Brams|first2=Peter C.|last2=Fishburn|author2-link=Peter C. Fishburn|page=xv|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2007|isbn=978-0-387-49895-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7h7evxSclIC&pg=PR5}}</ref> It was more fully published in 1978 by political scientist [[Steven Brams]] and mathematician [[Peter Fishburn]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1955105 |last1=Brams |first1=Steven |last2=Fishburn |first2=Peter | year = 1978 | title = Approval Voting | jstor =  1955105| journal = American Political Science Review | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 831–847 |s2cid=251092061 }}</ref>

<span id="Historical_use">Historically, several voting methods that incorporate aspects of approval have been used:</span>

* Approval was used for [[papal conclave]]s between 1294 and 1621, with an average of about forty cardinals engaging in repeated rounds of voting until one candidate was listed on at least two-thirds of ballots.<ref name="colomer">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1162/002219598551616|author-link1=Josep Colomer |first1=Josep M. |last1=Colomer  |first2=Iain |last2=McLean | year = 1998 | title = Electing Popes: Approval Balloting and Qualified-Majority Rule | journal = The Journal of Interdisciplinary History | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 1–22 | jstor=205972 |s2cid=145296691 }}</ref>
* In the 13th through 18th centuries, the [[Republic of Venice]] elected the [[Doge of Venice]] using a multi-stage process that featured random selection and voting that allowed approval of multiple candidates.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00135090 | last = Lines |first=Marji | year = 1986 | title = Approval Voting and Strategy Analysis: A Venetian Example | journal = Theory and Decision | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–172 | s2cid = 121512308 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first1=Miranda |last1=Mowbray |first2=Dieter |last2=Gollmann |date=July 2007 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2007/HPL-2007-28R1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2007/HPL-2007-28R1.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Electing the Doge of Venice: analysis of a 13th Century protocol |conference=IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium |location=Venice, Italy}}</ref>
* According to Steven J. Brams, approval was used for unspecified elections in 19th century England.<ref>{{cite speech|url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/brams/normative_turn.pdf |title=The Normative Turn in Public Choice |page=4 |date=April 1, 2006 |access-date=May 8, 2010 |first=Steven J. |last=Brams |event=Presidential Address to Public Choice Society |location=New Orleans, Louisiana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531093534/http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/brams/normative_turn.pdf |archive-date=May 31, 2010}}</ref>
* The [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] of the [[United Nations]] is elected in a [[United Nations secretary-general selection#Procedure|multi-round straw poll process]] where, in each round, members of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] may approve or disapprove of candidates, or decide to express no opinion. Disapproval by permanent members of the Security Council is similar to a veto. A candidate with no vetoes, at least nine votes, and more votes than any other candidate is considered to be likely to be supported by the Security Council in its formal recommendation vote.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unsgselection.org/files/WisnumurtiGuidelinesSelectingCandidateSecretary-General.pdf |title= The "Wisnumurti Guidelines" for Selecting a Candidate for Secretary-General |access-date=November 30, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080227114317/http://www.unsgselection.org/files/WisnumurtiGuidelinesSelectingCandidateSecretary-General.pdf |archive-date= February 27, 2008 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cover-story/the-inside-story-of-how-i-lost-the-race-for-the-un-secretary-generals-job-in-2006-shashi-tharoor|title=The inside Story of How I Lost the Race for the UN Secretary-General's Job in 2006|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|date=October 21, 2016|website=OPEN Magazine|language=en|access-date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721215655/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cover-story/the-inside-story-of-how-i-lost-the-race-for-the-un-secretary-generals-job-in-2006-shashi-tharoor |archive-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>
*Approval was used in [[Greece|Greek]] legislative elections from 1864 to 1923, after which it was replaced with [[party-list proportional representation]].<ref name="mavrogordatos">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MbSifRqxM1EC|title=Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece 1922{{endash}}1936|last=Mavrogordatos|first=George Th.|date=1983|publisher=University of California Press|pages=351–352|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sequential proportional approval voting]] was used in [[Swedish elections]] in the early 20th century, prior to being replaced by [[party-list proportional representation]].

The idea of approval was adopted by X. Hu and [[Lloyd Shapley]] in 2003 in studying [[authority distribution]] in organizations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Xingwei|last2=Shapley|first2=Lloyd S.|year=2003|title=On Authority Distributions in Organizations|journal=Games and Economic Behavior|volume=45|issue=1|pages=132–170|doi=10.1016/S0899-8256(03)00130-1}}</ref>