Editing Bit (section)

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Mackenzie_1980">{{cite book |url=https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |title=Coded Character Sets, History and Development |series=The Systems Programming Series |author-last=Mackenzie |author-first=Charles E. |date=1980 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.]] |isbn=978-0-201-14460-4 |lccn=77-90165 |page=x |access-date=2019-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |archive-date=May 26, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
<ref name="Anderson_2006">{{citation |author-first1=John B. |author-last1=Anderson |author-first2=Rolf |author-last2=Johnnesson |date=2006 |title=Understanding Information Transmission}}</ref>
<ref name="Haykin_2006">{{citation |author-first=Simon |author-last=Haykin |date=2006 |title=Digital Communications}}</ref>
<ref name="IEEE_260">[[IEEE Std 260.1-2004]]</ref>
<ref name="Rowlett">{{cite web |url=https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html#bit |title=Units: B |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504055432/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html#bit |archive-date=2016-05-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Abramson_1963">{{cite book |author-first=Norman |author-last=Abramson |date=1963 |title=Information theory and coding |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NIST_2008">National Institute of Standards and Technology (2008), ''Guide for the Use of the International System of Units''. [http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf Online version.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603203340/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf |date=3 June 2016}}</ref>
<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name="Bush_1936">{{cite journal |author-last=Bush |author-first=Vannevar |author-link=Vannevar Bush |title=Instrumental analysis |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]] |date=1936 |volume=42 |issue=10 |pages=649–669 |url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183499313 |doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1936-06390-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153002/http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183499313 |archive-date=2014-10-06|doi-access=free }}</ref> -->
<ref name="Shannon_1948_1">{{cite journal |author-last=Shannon |author-first=Claude Elwood |author-link=Claude Elwood Shannon |title=A Mathematical Theory of Communication |journal=[[Bell System Technical Journal]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=379–423 |date=July 1948 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2 |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf |via=Bell Labs Computing and Mathematical Sciences Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980715013250/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1998-07-15 |quote=The choice of a logarithmic base corresponds to the choice of a unit for measuring information. If the base 2 is used the resulting units may be called binary digits, or more briefly ''bits'', a word suggested by [[John Wilder Tukey|J. W. Tukey]].|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Shannon_1948_2">{{cite journal |author-last=Shannon |author-first=Claude Elwood |author-link=Claude Elwood Shannon |title=A Mathematical Theory of Communication |journal=[[Bell System Technical Journal]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=623–666 |date=October 1948 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4314-2|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Shannon_1949">{{cite book |author-last1=Shannon |author-first1=Claude Elwood |author-link1=Claude Elwood Shannon |author-first2=Warren |author-last2=Weaver |author-link2=Warren Weaver |title=A Mathematical Theory of Communication |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |date=1949 |isbn=0-252-72548-4 |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf |via=Bell Labs Computing and Mathematical Sciences Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980715013250/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1998-07-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Bemer_2000">{{cite web |title=Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it? |author-first=Robert William |author-last=Bemer |author-link=Robert William Bemer |date=2000-08-08 |work=Computer History Vignettes |url=http://www.bobbemer.com/BYTE.HTM |access-date=2017-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403130829/http://www.bobbemer.com/BYTE.HTM |archive-date=2017-04-03 |quote=[...] With [[IBM]]'s [[IBM STRETCH|STRETCH]] computer as background, handling 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for it, under the guidance of Dr. [[Werner Buchholz]], the man who DID coin the term "[[byte]]" for an 8-bit grouping). [...] The [[IBM System 360|IBM 360]] used 8-bit characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the name for many reasons. [...]}}</ref>
<ref name="Buchholz_1956">{{cite book |title=The Link System |chapter=7. The Shift Matrix |author-first=Werner |author-last=Buchholz |author-link=Werner Buchholz |date=1956-06-11 |id=[[IBM Stretch|Stretch]] Memo No. 39G |publisher=[[IBM]] |pages=5–6 |chapter-url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-07/102632284.pdf |access-date=2016-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404152534/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/06-07/102632284.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-04 |quote=[...] Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long [...] the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit [[word (computer architecture)|word]], coming from Memory in parallel, into [[character (computing)|characters]], or "[[byte]]s" as we have called them, to be sent to the [[serial adder|Adder]] serially. The 60 bits are dumped into [[magnetic core]]s on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. [...] The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits. [...] Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit [[decimal digit]]s, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on. [...] It is just as easy to use all six bits in [[alphanumeric]] work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. [...]}}</ref>
<ref name="Buchholz_1977">{{cite journal |author-last=Buchholz |author-first=Werner |author-link=Werner Buchholz |title=The Word "Byte" Comes of Age... |journal=[[Byte Magazine]] |date=February 1977 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=144 |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1977-02/1977_02_BYTE_02-02_Usable_Systems#page/n145/mode/2up |quote=[...] The first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early days of developing [[IBM Stretch|Stretch]]. A [[byte]] was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six. Thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion. Its first use was in the context of the input-output equipment of the 1950s, which handled six bits at a time. The possibility of going to 8 bit bytes was considered in August 1956 and incorporated in the design of Stretch shortly thereafter. The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper "Processing Data in Bits and Pieces" by [[Gerrit Anne Blaauw|G&nbsp;A&nbsp;Blaauw]], [[Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr.|F&nbsp;P&nbsp;Brooks&nbsp;Jr]] and [[Werner Buchholz|W&nbsp;Buchholz]] in the ''[[IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers]]'', June 1959, page 121. The notions of that paper were elaborated in Chapter 4 of ''[[#Buchholz-1962|Planning a Computer System (Project Stretch)]]'', edited by W&nbsp;Buchholz, [[McGraw-Hill Book Company]] (1962). The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows:<br />Byte ''denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than ''character'' is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code, and different codes may use different numbers of bits (ie, different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters. (The term is coined from ''[[bite]]'', but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to ''bit''.)''<br />[[System/360]] took over many of the Stretch concepts, including the basic byte and word sizes, which are powers of 2. For economy, however, the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum, and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte addressing. [...]}}</ref>
<ref name="Buchholz_1962">{{anchor|Buchholz-1962}}{{citation |title=Planning a Computer System – Project Stretch |author-first1=Gerrit Anne |author-last1=Blaauw |author-link1=Gerrit Anne Blaauw |author-first2=Frederick Phillips |author-last2=Brooks, Jr. |author-link2=Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. |author-first3=Werner |author-last3=Buchholz |author-link3=Werner Buchholz |editor-first=Werner |editor-last=Buchholz |editor-link=Werner Buchholz |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.]] / The Maple Press Company, York, PA. |lccn=61-10466 |date=1962 |chapter=Chapter 4: Natural Data Units |pages=39–40 |chapter-url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/Buchholz_102636426.pdf |access-date=2017-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403014651/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/Stretch/pdfs/Buchholz_102636426.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Bemer_1959">{{cite journal |author-first=Robert William |author-last=Bemer |author-link=Robert William Bemer |title=A proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=2 |number=9 |pages=19–23 |date=1959 |doi=10.1145/368424.368435|s2cid=36115735 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}