Editing Boarding school (section)

==History==
Boarding schools manifest themselves in different ways in different societies. For example, in some societies children enter at an earlier age than in others. In some societies, a tradition has developed in which families send their children to the same boarding school for generations. One observation that appears to apply globally is that a significantly larger number of boys than girls attend boarding school and for a longer span of time. The practice of sending children, particularly boys, to other families or to schools so that they could learn together is of very long-standing, recorded in classical literature and in U.K. records going back over 1,000&nbsp;years.

In Europe, a practice developed by early medieval times of sending boys to be taught by literate clergymen, either in monasteries or as [[Page (servant)|pages]] in [[great house]]holds. [[The King's School, Canterbury]], arguably the world's oldest boarding school, dates its foundation from the development of the monastery school in around 597&nbsp;AD. The author of the ''[[Croyland Chronicle]]'' recalls being tested on his grammar by [[Edward the Confessor]]'s wife [[Edith of Wessex|Queen Editha]] in the abbey cloisters as a [[Westminster School|Westminster schoolboy]], in around the 1050s. [[Monastic school]]s as such were generally [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolved with the monasteries]] themselves under Henry VIII, although Westminster School was specifically preserved by the King's [[letters patent]], and it seems likely that most schools were immediately replaced. [[Winchester College]] founded by Bishop [[William of Wykeham]] in 1382 and [[Oswestry School]] founded by [[David Holbache]] in 1407 are the oldest boarding schools in continuous operation.

===United Kingdom===
{{See also|List of boarding schools in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Charterhouse School, Godalming, Surrey, June 2013 (3).jpg|thumb|[[Charterhouse School]]]]
Boarding schools in Britain started in medieval times when boys were sent to be educated by literate clerics at a monastery or noble household. In the 12th century, the Pope ordered all [[Benedictine]] monasteries such as [[Westminster Abbey|Westminster]] to provide charity schools, and many [[Public school (UK)|public schools]] started when such schools attracted paying students. These public schools reflected the collegiate universities of [[Oxbridge|Oxford and Cambridge]], as in many ways they still do, and were accordingly staffed almost entirely by clergymen until the 19th century. Private [[Tutor|tuition]] at home remained the norm for aristocratic families, and for girls in particular, but after the 16th century, it was increasingly accepted that adolescents of any rank might best be educated collectively. The institution has thus adapted itself to changing social circumstances over 1,000&nbsp;years.

[[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|Boarding preparatory schools]] tend to reflect the public schools they feed. They often have a more or less official tie to particular schools.

The classic British boarding school became highly popular during the colonial expansion of the British Empire. British colonial administrators abroad could ensure that their children were brought up in British culture at public schools at home in the U.K., and local rulers were offered the same education for their sons. More junior expatriates would send their children to local British-run schools, which would also admit selected local children who might travel from considerable distances. The boarding schools, which inculcated their own values, became an effective way to encourage local people to share British ideals, and so help the British achieve their imperial goals.

One of the reasons sometimes stated for sending children to boarding schools is to develop wider horizons than their family can provide. A boarding school a family has attended for generations may define the culture parents aspire to for their children. Equally, by choosing a fashionable boarding school, parents may aspire to better their children by enabling them to mix on equal terms with children of the upper classes. However, such stated reasons may conceal other reasons for sending a child away from home.<ref name="EU-Canada">[http://www.sws.soton.ac.uk/cwab/Session6/ICWs62.htm CWAB – Session 6.2 – Reasons for displacement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320151456/http://www.sws.soton.ac.uk/cwab/Session6/ICWs62.htm |date=20 March 2012 }} European Union – Canada project Child welfare across borders (2003)</ref><ref name="duf">Duffell, N. "The Making of Them. The British Attitude to Children and the Boarding School System". (London: Lone Arrow Press, 2000).</ref><ref name=Schaverien>Schaverien, J. (2004) Boarding School: The Trauma of the Privileged Child, in Journal of Analytical Psychology, vol 49, 683–705</ref> These might apply to children who are considered too disobedient or underachieving, children from families with divorced spouses, and children to whom the parents do not much relate.<ref name="duf"/><ref name="Schaverien"/> These reasons are rarely explicitly stated, though the child might be aware of them.<ref name="duf"/><ref name="Schaverien"/>

In 1998, there were 772 private-sector boarding schools in the United Kingdom with over 100,000 children attending them all across the country. They are an important factor in the [[British class system]]. About one percent of British children are sent to boarding schools.<ref name="Dansokhs">Dansokho, S., Little, M., & Thomas, B. (2003). ''Residential services for children: definitions, numbers, and classifications''. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children.</ref><ref name="HealthDept">Department of Health. (1998). Caring for Children away from Home. Chichester: Wiley and Son</ref><ref name="Little">Little, M. Kohm, A. Thompson, R. (2005). "The impact of residential placement on child development: research and policy implications". ''International Journal of Social Welfare''; 14, 200–209. {{doi|10.1111/j.1468-2397.2005.00360.x}}</ref> Also in Britain children as young as 5 to 9&nbsp;years of age are sent to boarding schools.<ref name="Power">Power A (2007) "Discussion of Trauma at the Threshold: The Impact of Boarding School on Attachment in Young Children", in ''ATTACHMENT: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis''; Vol. 1, November 2007: pp. 313–320</ref>

===United States===
{{See also|List of boarding schools in the United States}}
[[File:Phillips Academy, Andover, MA - Samuel Phillips Hall.JPG|thumb|[[Phillips Academy]] Andover, MA]]
Before the advent of universal public education in the United States, boarding school was often the only secondary school option for students in rural New England communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howe |first=Daniel Walker |date=September 1973 |title=Review of "American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/364217 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=493–94 |doi=10.2307/364217 |jstor=364217|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Allis, Jr. |first=Frederick S. |title=Youth from Every Quarter: A Bicentennial History of Phillips Academy, Andover |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |year=1979 |location=Hanover, NH |pages=38-41, 278-81}}</ref> Some states, especially [[Massachusetts]], sponsored and subsidized semi-public boarding schools, often called "academies," to educate students from the surrounding rural areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yERn4M9F0C |title=The History of Milton, Mass.: 1640 to 1887 |publisher=Press of Rockwell and Churchill |year=1887 |editor-last=Teele |editor-first=Albert K. |location=Boston, MA |pages=327–38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=redNAAAAMAAJ |title=Financial History of Lawrence Academy at Groton, Massachusetts |publisher=University Press |year=1895 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=10}}</ref> Some of the oldest remaining academies include [[West Nottingham Academy]] (est. 1744), [[Linden Hall (school)|Linden Hall]] (est. 1756), [[The Governor's Academy]] (est. 1763), [[Phillips Academy]] (est. 1778), and [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] (est. 1781).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boarding Schools with the Oldest Founding Date (2025-2026) |url= |website=www.boardingschoolreview.com |language=en}}</ref>

The market for semi-public academies narrowed in the second half of the nineteenth century as local governments began establishing free, public secondary day schools. Some academies joined the public school system, and others shut down.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orcutt |first=Leon Monroe |year=1934 |title=The influence of the academy in Western Massachusetts |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2987&context=theses |journal=Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 |location=Amherst, MA |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |pages=51 |doi=10.7275/6871421}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Towards the turn of the twentieth century, a new generation of boarding schools was established. These schools generally followed the British public school model<ref name="nrhpinv">{{cite web |last=Pitts |first=Carolyn |date=July 1985 |title=Lawrenceville School |url={{NHLS url|id=86000158}} |access-date=22 May 2012 |work=National Register of Historic Places - Inventory Nomination Form |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |format=PDF}}</ref> and focused on preparing students aged roughly 14–18 for college entrance examinations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fortmiller, Jr. |first=Hubert C. |title=Find the Promise: Middlesex School, 1901-2001 |publisher=[[Middlesex School]] |year=2003 |location=Concord, MA |pages=32–34}}</ref> Because of their college-preparatory approach, they were dubbed [[College-preparatory school|prep schools]], although most American prep schools educate only day students. At the turn of the twenty-first century, 0.5% of U.S. school children attended boarding schools, about half the percentage of British children.<ref name="Dansokhs" /><ref name="HealthDept" /><ref name="Little" />

In recent years,{{When|date=December 2024|reason=What year is "recent years"?}} various governments have established public boarding schools. Some provide additional resources for academically promising students, like the [[North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics]] (est. 1980).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sparks |first=Sarah D. |date=2016-10-26 |title=Disadvantaged Students Outnumbered at Top Public Boarding Schools |url=https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/disadvantaged-students-outnumbered-at-top-public-boarding-schools/2016/10 |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=Education Week |language=en |issn=0277-4232}}</ref> Others provide a more focused environment for students from at-risk backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Einhorn |first=Erin |date=2015-12-26 |title=How to Educate Traumatized Students |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/urban-boarding-schools/421704/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>

Boarding schools for students below the age of 13 are called ''junior boarding schools'', and are relatively uncommon. The oldest junior boarding school is the [[Fay School]] in [[Southborough, Massachusetts]] (est. 1866).{{Cn|date=October 2024}}

==== Native American schools ====
[[File:Carlisle pupils.jpg|thumb|right|Students at [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]], Pennsylvania ({{Circa|1900}})]]
{{Main|Native American boarding schools}}
{{See also|Americanization (of Native Americans)#Native American education and boarding schools|l1=Native American education and boarding schools}}
{{See also|Carlisle Indian Industrial School}}

In the late 19th century, the United States government undertook a policy of educating [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] youth in the ways of the dominant Western culture so that Native Americans might then be able to assimilate into Western society. At these boarding schools, managed and regulated by the government, Native American students were subjected to a number of tactics to prepare them for life outside their reservation homes.<ref name="Adams">Adams, David Wallace. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence: 1995.</ref>

In accordance with the assimilation methods used at the boarding schools, the education that the Native American children received at these institutions centered on the dominant society's construction of gender norms and ideals. Thus boys and girls were separated in almost every activity and their interactions were strictly regulated along the lines of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] ideals. In addition, the instruction that the children received reflected the roles and duties that they were to assume once outside the reservation. Thus girls were taught skills that could be used in the home, such as "sewing, cooking, canning, ironing, child care, and cleaning"<ref name="Adams"/> (Adams 150). Native American boys in the boarding schools were taught the importance of an agricultural lifestyle, with an emphasis on raising livestock and agricultural skills like "plowing and planting, field irrigation, the care of stock, and the maintenance of fruit orchards"<ref name="Adams"/> (Adams 149). These ideas of domesticity were in stark contrast to those existing in native communities and on reservations: many indigenous societies were based on a matrilineal system where the women's lineage was honored and the women's place in society respected in different ways. For example, women in native society held powerful roles in their own communities, undertaking tasks that Western society deemed only appropriate for men: indigenous women could be leaders, healers, and farmers.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

While the Native American children were exposed to and were likely to adopt some of the ideals set out by the whites operating these boarding schools, many resisted and rejected the gender norms that were being imposed upon them.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Canada===
{{further|Canadian Indian residential school system}}
[[File:Northcliff Campus, Columbia International College.jpg|thumb|left|[[Columbia International College]], [[Hamilton, Ontario]]]]
In Canada, the largest independent boarding school is [[Columbia International College]], with an enrollment of 1,700 students from all over the world. [[Robert Land Academy]] in Wellandport, Ontario is Canada's only private military-style boarding school for boys in Grades 6 through 12.

===Other Commonwealth countries===
[[File:The Doon School India.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Doon School]], [[Dehradun]], India]]
Most societies around the world decline to make boarding schools the preferred option for the upbringing of their children. However, boarding schools are one of the aspirational modes of education in some former British colonies or [[Commonwealth countries]] like India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and other former [[Africa]]n [[colony|colonies]] of Great Britain. For instance, in [[Ghana]] the majority of the secondary schools are boarding. In some countries, such as New Zealand and [[Sri Lanka]], a number of [[state school]]s have boarding facilities. These state boarding schools are frequently traditional single-sex state schools, whose ethos is much like that of their independent counterparts. Furthermore, the proportion of boarders at these schools is often much lower than at independent boarding schools, typically around 10%.

=== Malaysia ===
{{Main article|The International School of Penang (Uplands)|Dalat International School|Marlborough College Malaysia|Sekolah Berasrama Penuh|MARA Junior Science College}}

=== Russia and former Soviet Union ===
[[File:Boarding school of humanities,facade.jpg|thumb|right|[[Boarding School of Humanities for Gifted Children in Aktanysh|Boarding School of Humanities]], [[Aktanysh]]]]
In the former Soviet Union these schools were sometimes known as Internat-schools (Russian: ''Школа-интернат'') (from Latin: ''school-internat''<ref name="Google Translate">Google Translate</ref>). They varied in their organization. Some schools were a type of specialized schools with a specific focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports, etc. For example, in the 1960s Soviet official established a new type of boarding school, an AESC - Advanced educational scientific center (Russian: ''СУНЦ - Специализированный учебно-научный центр'') (SESC - Specialized Educational and Scientific Center <ref name="Google Translate"/>). Those schools were parts of some major universities and prepared students to study there. Now, only a few exist in Russia - in Moscow, Novosibirsk, and Yekaterinburg, though several boarding schools still operate in former Soviet republics, and even some new ones are being opened (e.g. MSU Gymnasium in Moscow, Russia, or Nazarbayev schools all over Kazakhstan).
Other schools were associated with [[orphanage]]s after which all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs (schools for the blind, deaf, and others). General schools offered "extended stay" programs (Russian: Группа продленного дня) featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work (education in the Soviet Union was free). In post-Soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country.

===Switzerland===
[[File:Rosenberg Main Building.jpg|thumb|[[Institut auf dem Rosenberg]]]]
The [[Switzerland|Swiss]] government developed a strategy of fostering private boarding schools for foreign students as a business integral to the country's economy. Their boarding schools offer instruction in several major languages and have a large number of quality facilities organized through the ''Swiss Federation of Private Schools''. In 2015, a Swiss boarding school named A+ World Academy was established on the Norwegian Tall Ship Fullriggeren Sørlandet. Some of the most expensive boarding schools in the world include the Swiss schools [[Institut auf dem Rosenberg]], [[Institut Le Rosey]],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://nypost.com/2015/01/28/welcome-to-the-most-expensive-boarding-school-in-the-world/|title = The most expensive boarding school in the world|date = 2015-01-28|access-date = 2015-02-09}}</ref> [[Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil|Beau Soleil]], [[Collège du Léman]], [[Collège Champittet]] and [[Leysin American School]].

===Japan===
In [[Japan]], there are several international boarding schools operated by private institution. Notable examples of privately-run institutions include [[NUCB International College]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 20, 2022 |title=NUCB International College: A World-class International Boarding High School to Open in Japan |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220413006084/en/NUCB-International-College-A-World-class-International-Boarding-High-School-to-Open-in-Japan |work=Business Wire}}</ref> and Hallow International School. These boarding schools are affiliated with various educational boards, such as the [[International Baccalaureate|IB]] (International Baccalaureate), A-Level, and Article1 of the Japanese School Education Law. English is predominantly used as the primary medium of instruction in these institutions.

=== China ===
{{main|Boarding schools in China}}
{{as of|2015}} there were about 100,000 boarding schools in rural areas of [[Mainland China]], with about 33&nbsp;million children living in them.<ref name=Roberts>Roberts, Dexter. "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-06/china-s-dickensian-boarding-schools China's Dickensian Boarding Schools]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150713160637/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-06/china-s-dickensian-boarding-schools Archive]). ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. 6 April 2015. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.</ref> In China some children are sent to boarding schools at 2&nbsp;years of age.<ref name="Markus">{{cite news|last=Markus |first=Francis |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3790863.stm |title=Asia-Pacific &#124; Private school for China's youngest |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2004-06-10 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref> The majority of boarding schools are in western China, which generally is not as wealthy as eastern and central China.<ref name=ZZZp238>Zhao, Zhenzhou, p. 238</ref> Many migrant workers and farmers send their children to boarding schools.<ref>Hatton, Celia. "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-32126839 Search for justice after China school abuse]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150727142803/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-32126839 Archive]). [[BBC]]. 6 April 2015. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.</ref>

===India===
{{See also|List of boarding schools in India}}
[[File:Student hostel (Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barabanki).jpg|thumb|
Boarder students at [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Barabanki]]
In [[India]], there exists a variety of boarding schools, which are operated by both private entities and governmental bodies at the state and central levels. Some notable examples government run institute include are [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Eklavya Model Residential School|Ekalavya Model Residential School]], and Ashram Schools. Boarding schools in India are affiliated with various educational boards such as [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]], [[International Baccalaureate|IB]], [[National Institute of Open Schooling|NIOS]], and [[All India Senior School Certificate Examination|AISSCE]]. Those institutions predominantly use English as the primary [[medium of instruction]].