Editing Brain–computer interface (section)

====Donoghue, Schwartz, and Andersen====
[[File:164_Angell_Street.jpg|thumb|BCIs are a core focus of the [[Carney Institute for Brain Science]] at [[Brown University]]. ]]
Other laboratories that have developed BCIs and algorithms that decode neuron signals include [[John Donoghue (neuroscientist)|John Donoghue]] at the [[Carney Institute for Brain Science]] at [[Brown University]], Andrew Schwartz at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], and [[Richard A. Andersen (neuroscientist)|Richard Andersen]] at [[Caltech]]. These researchers produced working BCIs using recorded signals from far fewer neurons than Nicolelis (15–30 neurons versus 50–200 neurons).

The Carney Institute reported training rhesus monkeys to use a BCI to track visual targets on a computer screen (closed-loop BCI) with or without a joystick.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Serruya MD, Hatsopoulos NG, Paninski L, Fellows MR, Donoghue JP | title = Instant neural control of a movement signal | journal = Nature | volume = 416 | issue = 6877 | pages = 141–142 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11894084 | doi = 10.1038/416141a | s2cid = 4383116 | bibcode = 2002Natur.416..141S }}</ref> The group created a BCI for three-dimensional tracking in virtual reality and reproduced BCI control in a robotic arm.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor DM, Tillery SI, Schwartz AB | title = Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices | journal = Science | volume = 296 | issue = 5574 | pages = 1829–1832 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12052948 | doi = 10.1126/science.1070291 | s2cid = 9402759 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1027.4335 | bibcode = 2002Sci...296.1829T }}</ref> The same group demonstrated that a monkey could feed itself pieces of fruit and marshmallows using a robotic arm controlled by the animal's brain signals.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com:8000/x/tribunereview/s_469059.html Pitt team to build on brain-controlled arm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704125118/http://www.pittsburghlive.com:8000/x/tribunereview/s_469059.html |date=4 July 2007 }}, ''Pittsburgh Tribune Review'', 5 September 2006.</ref><ref>{{YouTube|wxIgdOlT2cY}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Velliste M, Perel S, Spalding MC, Whitford AS, Schwartz AB | title = Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding | journal = Nature | volume = 453 | issue = 7198 | pages = 1098–1101 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18509337 | doi = 10.1038/nature06996 | s2cid = 4404323 | bibcode = 2008Natur.453.1098V | url = https://zenodo.org/record/891045 }}</ref>

Andersen's group used recordings of [[premovement neuronal activity|premovement activity]] from the [[posterior parietal cortex]], including signals created when experimental animals anticipated receiving a reward.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Musallam S, Corneil BD, Greger B, Scherberger H, Andersen RA | title = Cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics | journal = Science | volume = 305 | issue = 5681 | pages = 258–262 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15247483 | doi = 10.1126/science.1097938 | s2cid = 3112034 | bibcode = 2004Sci...305..258M | url = https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141121-110153014 }}</ref>