Editing Caesar (title) (section)

==List of holders==
Note: ''Caesars'' who later became ''Augusti'' and thus emperors are highlighted in bold.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coin
!Name
!Acceded
!Relinquished
!Reason
!Reigning Emperor
!Relation
!R.
|-
|
|[[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus|Piso Licinianus]]
|10 January 69
|15 January 69
|murdered
|[[Galba]]
|Adopted son
|<ref>{{cite book|author=Harriet I. Flower|title=The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace & Oblivion in Roman Political Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T6Oyezn_msC&pg=PA225|year=2006|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3063-5|page=225|quote=Piso is called by his new adoptive name of Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar.}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Aureus of Titus as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Titus]]'''
|21 December 69
|24 June 79
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Vespasian]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=105|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Coin of Domitian as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Domitian]]'''
|21 December 69
|14 September 81
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Vespasian]]/[[Titus]]
|Son/Brother
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=109|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Domitia, denarius, cropped, AD 82-83, RIC II 153.jpg|35x35px]]
|[[Flavius Caesar|Flavius]]
|after AD 74
|before AD 83 (?)
|died as a child
|[[Domitian]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=112, perhaps given posthumously|pp=}}
|-
|
|'''[[Trajan]]'''
|Late October 97
|28 January 98
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Nerva]]
|Adopted son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=116|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:INC-1843-a Ауреус Элий Вер цезарь ок. 137 г. (аверс).png|36x36px]]
|[[Lucius Aelius Caesar|Lucius Aelius]]
|June/August 136
|1 January 138
|died of illness 
|[[Hadrian]]
|Adopted son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=126|pp=}}
|-
|
|'''[[Antoninus Pius]]'''
|25 February 138
|10 July 138
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Hadrian]]
|Adopted son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=128|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Aureus of Marcus Aurelius as Caesar.png|35x35px]]
|'''[[Marcus Aurelius]]'''
|Late 139
|7 March 161
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Antoninus Pius]]
|Son-in-law
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=J. C.|first=O'Neill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdbYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22July+139%22|title=The Theology of Acts in Its Historical Setting|publisher=S.P.C.K.|year=1970|isbn=978-1028102341|page=18}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Commodus und Annius Verus - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5483208 (cropped).jpg|35x35px]]
|[[Marcus Annius Verus Caesar|Annius Verus]]
|12 October 166
|10 September 169
|died of a tumor
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]/[[Lucius Verus]]
|Son/Nephew
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=134|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:INC-2943-a Ауреус. Коммод, цезарь. Ок. 175—176 гг. (аверс).png|35x35px]]
|'''[[Commodus]]'''
|12 October 166
|Summer 177
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]/[[Lucius Verus]]
|Son/Nephew
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=140|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Tetradrachm Pertinax Caesar (obverse).jpg|36x36px]]
|[[Pertinax the Younger|Pertinax Junior]] 
|{{Circa|}}January 193
|{{Circa|}}March 193
|title revoked
|[[Pertinax]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=146}}
|-
|[[File:Aureus-Clodius Albinus-RIC 0009b (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|[[Clodius Albinus]]
|{{Circa|194}}
|{{Circa|196}}
|title revoked
|[[Septimius Severus]]
|–
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsay |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zrBEy7fgzYC&pg=PA214 |title=Adoption in the Roman World |year=2009 |isbn=978-0521760508 |page=214}} The ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' states that Severus considered abdicating in favour of Albinus. [[Herodian]] and [[Cassius Dio|Dio]], however, say this was merely a trick.</ref>
|-
|[[File:Julia Domna with Caracalla and Geta as Caesars.png|35x35px]]
|'''[[Caracalla]]'''
|4 April 196
|28 January 198
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Septimius Severus]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=156|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:INC-1853-a Ауреус Гета ок. 200-202 гг. (аверс).png|35x35px]]
|'''[[Geta (emperor)|Geta]]'''
|28 January 198
|{{Circa}} October 209
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Septimius Severus]]
|Son/Brother
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=160|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Macrino, aureo per diadoumeniano cesare, 217-18, 01.JPG|35x35px]]
|'''[[Diadumenian]]'''
|April 217
|May 218
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Macrinus]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=163|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Coin of Severus Alexander as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Severus Alexander]]'''
|June 221
|14 March 222
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Elagabalus]]
|Adopted son and cousin
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Severus Alexander|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/severus-alexander/|website=[[Livius.org]]}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Seius Sallustius|Sallustius]] (?)
|{{Circa}} 227
|{{Circa}} 227
|executed
|[[Severus Alexander]]
|Father-in-law
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Severus (A.D. 222–235)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/alexsev.htm|website=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Gaius Iulius Verus Maximus denarius 236 (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|[[Gaius Julius Verus Maximus|Verus Maximus]]
|January/May 236
|May/June 238
|murdered
|[[Maximinus Thrax]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=178|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Denarius of Gordian III as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Gordian III]]'''
|April/May 238
|August 238
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Balbinus]]/[[Pupienus]]
|–
|{{sfn|Peachin|1990|pp=28–34}}
|-
|[[File:Philip II Antoninianus.jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Philip II (Roman emperor)|Philip II]]'''
|August 244
|July/August 247
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Philip the Arab]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Peachin|1990|pp=28–34}}
|-
|[[File:Herennius Etruscus Coin Obverse with Crown.jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Herennius Etruscus]]'''
|September 250
|May 251
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Decius]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Peachin|1990|pp=28–34}}
|-
|[[File:INC-2038-a Ауреус. Гостилиан. Ок. 251 г. (аверс).png|35x35px]]
|'''[[Hostilian]]'''
|September 250
|June 251
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Decius]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Peachin|1990|pp=28–34}}
|-
|[[File:Volusian Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Volusianus]]'''
|{{Circa}} July 251
|{{Circa}} August 251
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Trebonianus Gallus]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Peachin|1990|p=36|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Antoninianus of Valerian II - cropped.jpg|35x35px]]
|[[Valerian II]]
|{{Circa}} September 256
|Summer 258
|murdered?
|[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]/[[Gallienus]]
|Grandson/Son
|{{sfn|Peachin|1990|p=38|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Aureus Saloninus Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Saloninus]]'''
|{{Circa}} June 258
|{{Circa}} July 260
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]/[[Gallienus]]
|Grandson/Son
|{{sfn|Peachin|1990|p=38}}
|-
|[[File:Aureus of Carinus as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Carinus]]'''
|November (?) 282
|Spring 283
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Carus]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=250|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Numerian as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Numerian]]'''
|November (?) 282
|July 283
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Carus]]/[[Carinus]]
|Son/Brother
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=252|pp=}}
|-
|
|'''[[Maximian]]'''  (?)
|21 July (?) 285{{Efn|Some authors argue that Maximian was never ''caesar'' given the lack of concrete evidence for this.}}
|1 April (?) 286{{efn|Or, alternatively, December 285.}}
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Diocletian]] (East)
|–
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Omissi|first=Adrastos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWliDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|title=Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0192558268|pages=76}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Replicated medallion of Constantius I (2) (obverse).png|35x35px]]
|'''[[Constantius I]]'''
|1 March 293
|1 May 305
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Maximian]] (West)
|Son-in-law
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=269}}
|-
|[[File:Rare aureus of Galerius Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Galerius]]'''
|21 March 293
|1 May 305
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Diocletian]] (East)
|Son-in-law
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=272|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Gold Aureus of Severus II (MANTIS).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Severus II]]'''
|1 May 305
|August 306
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Maximian]] (West)
|–
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=278|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Maximinus Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Maximinus II]]'''
|1 May 305
|May (?) 310
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Galerius]] (East)
|Nephew 
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=277|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Aureus of Constantine I as Caesar.jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]]'''
|August 306{{Efn|Self-proclaimed ''augustus'', but only recognized as ''caesar'' by his fellow tetrarchs.}}
|May 310{{Efn|Constantine was recognized as ''augustus'' by Maximian in September 307, but at the same time was excluded of the imperial college by Galerius, who did not recognize the rule of Maximian and Maxentius. Constantine regained the title of ''caesar'' (which he continued to unacknowledge) in November 308, at the [[Conference of Carnuntum]].}}
|recognized as ''augustus''
|[[Galerius]]/[[Licinius]] (East)
|Brothers-in-law
|{{sfn|Barnes|1984|pp=30–33}}
|-
|[[File:Licinius gold multiple CdM Beistegui 232.jpg|35x35px]]
|[[Licinius Junior]]
|1 March 317
|19 September 324
|deposed
|[[Licinius]] (East)
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=284|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:INC-1822-a Солид Крисп цезарь ок. 317 г. (аверс).png|35x35px]]
|[[Crispus]]
|1 March 317
|{{Circa}} March 326
|executed
|[[Constantine I]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=293|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:INC-2046-a Ауреус. Константин II. Ок. 337—340 гг. (аверс).png|35x35px]]
|'''[[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]]'''
|1 March 317
|9 September 337
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Constantine I]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=297|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Miliarensis of Constantius II, AD 327 (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Constantius II]]'''
|8 November 324
|9 September 337
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Constantine I]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=297|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Constans as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Constans I]]'''
|25 December 333
|9 September 337
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Constantine I]]
|Son
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=298|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Delmatius Coin Abverse.jpg|35x35px]]
|[[Dalmatius]]
|18 September 335
|June/Aug. 337
|murdered
|[[Constantine I]]
|Nephew
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=294|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Impero, decenzio, medaglione in bronzo (roma), 350-353.JPG|35x35px]]
|[[Decentius]]
|July/August 350
|18 August 353
|committed suicide
|[[Magnentius]] (West)
|Brother
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=306|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:INC-1825-a Солид Констанций Галл цезарь ок. 351-354 гг. (аверс).png|35x35px]]
|[[Constantius Gallus]]
|15 March 351
|Late 354
|executed
|[[Constantius II]]
|Half-cousin
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=303|pp=}}
|-
|[[File:Emperor Julian as Caesar (obverse).jpg|35x35px]]
|'''[[Julian (emperor)|Julian II]]'''
|6 November 355
|3 November 361
|succeeded as ''augustus''
|[[Constantius II]]
|Cousin
|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=309|pp=}}
|-
|
|'''[[Constans II (son of Constantine III)|Constans II]]'''
|408
|409 / 410
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)|Constantine III]]/[[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] (West)
|Son/-
|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=II, p. 310}}
|-
|
|'''[[Valentinian III]]'''
|23 October 424
|23 October 425
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Theodosius II]] (East)
|Half-cousin
|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=II, p. 1138}}
|-
|
|[[Palladius (Caesar)|Palladius]]
|17 March 455
|31 May 455
|executed by [[Avitus]]
|[[Petronius Maximus|Maximus]] (West)
|Son
|{{sfn|PLRE|loc= II, p. 751}}
|-
|
|[[Patricius (Caesar)|Patricius]]
|{{Circa}} 470
|{{Circa}} 471
|deposed or executed
|[[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]] (East)
|Son-in-law
|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=II, p. 842}}
|-
|
|'''[[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]]'''
|{{Circa}} October 472
|17 November 473
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]] (East)
|Son
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Croke|first=Brian|date=2004|title=The Imperial Reigns of Leo II|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/BYZS.2003.559/html|journal=[[Byzantinische Zeitschrift]]|volume=96|issue=2|pages=559–575|doi=10.1515/BYZS.2003.559|s2cid=191460505 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|
|'''[[Marcus (son of Basiliscus)|Marcus]]'''
|475
|475
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Basiliscus]] (East)
|Son
|{{sfn|PLRE||loc=II, p. 720}}
|-
|
|[[Basiliscus (Caesar)|Basiliscus]] 
|476
|477
|executed
|[[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] (East)
|–
|{{sfn|PLRE||loc=II, 211}}
|-
|
|'''[[Justinian I]]'''
|525
|1 April 527
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Justin I]]
|Adopted son
|<ref>[[Victor of Tunnuna]] ({{Circa}} 570), [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_11/#page/196/mode/1up ''Chronica'' s.a. 525].</ref>
|-
|
|'''[[Tiberius II]]'''
|7 December 574
|26 September 578
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Justin II]]
|Adopted son
|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=III, pp. 1321–1326}}
|-
|
|[[Germanus (Caesar)|Germanus]]
|5 August 582
|by 11 August 582
|rejected the title 
|[[Tiberius II]]
|Son-in-law
|{{sfn|PLRE||loc=III, p. 529}}
|-
|
|'''[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]'''
|5 August 582
|13 August 582
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Tiberius II]]
|Son-in-law
|{{sfn|PLRE||loc=III, pp. 855–860}}
|-
|
|'''[[Theodosius (son of Maurice)|Theodosius]]'''
|{{Circa}} 587
|26 March 590
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]
|Son
|{{sfn|PLRE||loc=III, p. 1293}}
|-
|
|'''[[Heraclonas]]'''
|1 January 632
|4 July 638
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Heraclius]]
|Son
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/docoins-2 |title=Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins, Vol. 2 |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0884020240 |pages=216 & 390 |author-link=Philip Grierson}}</ref>
|-
|
|'''[[David Tiberius]]'''
|4 July 638
|November 641
|proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Heraclius]]
|Son
|<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Gonis |first1=Nikolaos |date=2008 |title=SB VI 8986 and Heraclius' Sons |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |volume=166 |pages=199–202 |jstor=20476531}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Martinus (son of Heraclius)|Martinus]]
|4 July 638 (?)
|November 641
|deposed
|[[Heraclius]]
|Son
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|'''[[Constans II]]'''
|c. February 641
|c. July 641
|title revoked (?),<br/>later proclaimed ''augustus''
|[[Heraclius Constantine]]
|Son
|<ref>Zuckerman, Constantin (2010): "[http://www.academia.edu/2481312/ On the title and the office of the Byzantine basileus]." ''Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance'' '''16''': pp. 869–874.</ref>
|}

;Byzantine nobles
*[[Tervel]], [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Bulgars]], named in 705 by [[Justinian II]]{{sfn|ODB|loc="Caesar" (A. Kazhdan), p. 363}}
*[[Nikephoros (Caesar)|Nikephoros]] & [[Christopher (Caesar)|Christopher]], named on 2 April 769 by their father [[Constantine V]]<ref>[[J. R. Martindale]] (2001), "[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D56/F74.htm Nikephoros 5]". ''[[Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire]]''.</ref>
*[[Alexios Mosele (Caesar)|Alexios Mosele]], likely named in 831 by his father-in-law [[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]]
*[[Bardas]], named on 22 April 862 by his nephew [[Michael III]]
*[[Romanos I Lekapenos]], named on 24 September 920 by the [[Byzantine senate]]
*[[Bardas Phokas the Elder|Bardas Phokas]], named in late 963 by his son [[Nikephoros II]]
*[[Romanos III Argyros]], named on 9 November 1028 by his father-in-law [[Constantine VIII]]
*[[Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger]], named by his father-in-law [[Alexios I]]
*[[John Doukas (Caesar)|John Doukas]], named in 1074 by his brother [[Constantine X]]
*[[George II of Georgia]], named in 1081 by his brother-in-law [[Nikephoros III]]
*[[Nikephoros Melissenos]], named in 1080 by Alexios I
*[[Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)|Isaac Komnenos]], named in 1104 by his father Alexios I
*[[John Rogerios Dalassenos]], named {{Circa}} 1130 by his father-in-law [[John II Komnenos|John II]]
*[[Renier of Montferrat]], named in 1180 by his father-in-law [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel I]]
*[[John Kantakouzenos (Caesar)|John Kantakouzenos]], named in 1186 by [[Isaac II Angelos|Isaac II]]
*[[Conrad of Montferrat]], named in 1187 by his father-in-law Isaac II
*[[Manuel Maurozomes]], named {{Circa}} 1200 by [[Alexios III Angelos|Alexios III]]
*[[Leo Gabalas]], named by [[Theodore I Laskaris]] (r. 1205–1221)
*[[Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII)|Constantine Palaiologos]], named in 1259 by his brother [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|Michael VIII]]
*[[Alexios Strategopoulos]], named in 1259 by Michael VIII
*[[Roger de Flor]], leader of the [[Catalan Company]], named in 1304 by [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos II]]
*[[John Palaiologos (Caesar)|John Palaiologos]], named in 1326 by his uncle Andronikos II
*[[Hrelja (protosebastos)|Hrelja]], likely named by [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] (r. 1347–1354)

;Serbian rulers
*[[Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos]], named in 1373 by [[Despot of Epirus|despot]] [[Thomas Preljubović]]
*[[Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos]], named in 1390 by [[Despot of Epirus|despot]] [[Esau de' Buondelmonti]]
*[[Grgur Golubić]], named in 1347 by [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan]]
*[[Vojihna]], named in 1347 by Uroš IV
*[[Preljub]], named in 1348–49 by Uroš IV
*[[Uglješa Vlatković]], named by [[Uroš V]]
*[[Nikola Radonja]], named by Uroš V
*[[Kesar Novak|Novak]], named by Uroš V

;Ottoman rulers
*[[Mehmed II]] (r. 1451–1481) assumed title ''[[kayser-i Rûm]]'' following the conquest of Constantinople in 1452
*[[Bayezid II]] (r. 1481–1512) is addressed as ''kayser'' in contemporary sources<ref>{{Cite book |last=Casale |first=Sinem Arcak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rta8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=Ottoman-Safavid Cultural Exchange, 1500–1639 |date=2023 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-82042-2 |pages=42}}</ref>
*[[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] (r. 1520–1566)  called himself "Caesar of Rome" in the inscription of [[Bender, Moldova]], dating from {{ca|1538/39}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dimitri Korobeinikov |url=https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x003d0810.pdf |title=Medieval Worlds Comparative & Interdisciplinary Studies |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |year=2021 |volume=14 |pages=180, 185 |chapter=Conquest of a Fortress as a Source of Legitimacy |quote=}}</ref> In one of his poems, he also called himself "Roman caesar".<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kayser|title=Kayser قيصر Araplar’ın Roma ve Bizans imparatorları için kullandıkları unvan.}}</ref>
**See [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire]]; the title ''kayser'' continued to be used as late as the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Krishan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8iXDwAAQBAJ |title=Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0691192802 |location=Princeton |page=89}}</ref>