Editing Cingulate cortex (section)

==Clinical significance ==

=== Schizophrenia ===
{{Summarize section|date=November 2024}}
Using a three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging procedure to measure the volume of the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (perigenual cingulate gyrus), Takahashi et al. (2003) found that the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus is larger in control (healthy) females than males, but this sex difference was not found in people with schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia also had a smaller volume of perigenual cingulate gyrus than control subjects.<ref name="Takahashi 2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Takahashi | first1 = T. | last2 = Suzuki | first2 = M. | last3 = Kawasaki | first3 = Y. | last4 = Hagino | first4 = H. | last5 = Yamashita | first5 = I. | last6 = Nohara | first6 = S. | last7 = Nakamura | first7 = K. | last8 = Seto | first8 = H. | last9 = Kurachi | first9 = M. | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01483-X | title = Perigenual cingulate gyrus volume in patients with schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 53 | issue = 7 | pages = 593–600 | year = 2003 | pmid =  12679237| s2cid = 11482948 }}</ref>

Haznedar et al. (2004) studied metabolic rate of glucose in anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia, [[schizotypal personality disorder]] (SPD) and compared them with a control group. The metabolic rate of glucose was found to be lower in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and the right posterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia relative to controls. Although people with SPD were expected to show a glucose metabolic rate somewhere between the individual with schizophrenia and controls, they actually had higher metabolic glucose rate in the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The volume of the left anterior cingulate gyrus was reduced in people with schizophrenia as compared with controls, but there was not any difference between people with SPD and people with schizophrenia. From these results it appears that the schizophrenia and SPD are two different disorders.<ref name="Haznedar 2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Haznedar | first1 = M. M. | last2 = Buchsbaum | first2 = M. S. | last3 = Hazlett | first3 = E. A. | last4 = Shihabuddin | first4 = L. | last5 = New | first5 = A. | last6 = Siever | first6 = L. J. | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.025 | title = Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 71 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 249–262 | year = 2004 | pmid =  15474896| s2cid = 28889346 }}</ref>

A study of the volume of the gray and white matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia and their healthy first and second degree relatives revealed no significant difference in the volume of the white matter in the people with schizophrenia and their healthy relatives. Nonetheless a significant difference in the volume of gray matter was detected, people with schizophrenia had smaller volume of gray matter than their second degree relatives, but not relative to their first degree relatives. Both the person with schizophrenia and their first degree healthy relatives have smaller gray matter volume than the second degree healthy relatives. It appears that genes are responsible for the decreased volume of gray matter in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Costain 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Costain | first1 = G. | last2 = Ho | first2 = A. | last3 = Crawley | first3 = A. P. | last4 = Mikulis | first4 = D. J. | last5 = Brzustowicz | first5 = L. M. | last6 = Chow | first6 = E. W. C. | last7 = Bassett | first7 = A. S. | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.014 | title = Reduced gray matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus in familial schizophrenia: A preliminary report | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 122 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 81–84 | year = 2010 | pmid =  20638248| pmc =3129334 }}</ref>
 
Fujiwara et al. (2007) did an experiment in which they correlated the size of anterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia with their functioning on social cognition, psychopathology and emotions with control group. The smaller the size of anterior cingulate gyrus, the lower was the level of social functioning and the higher was the psychopathology in the people with schizophrenia. The anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be bilaterally smaller in people with schizophrenia as compared with control group. No difference in IQ tests and basic visuoperceptual ability with facial stimuli was found between people with schizophrenia and the control.<ref name="Fujiwara 2007">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fujiwara | first1 = H. | last2 = Hirao | first2 = K. | last3 = Namiki | first3 = C. | last4 = Yamada | first4 = M. | last5 = Shimizu | first5 = M. | last6 = Fukuyama | first6 = H. | last7 = Hayashi | first7 = T. | last8 = Murai | first8 = T. | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.068 | title = Anterior cingulate pathology and social cognition in schizophrenia: A study of gray matter, white matter and sulcal morphometry | journal = NeuroImage | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 1236–1245 | year = 2007 | pmid =  17524666| url = https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/124279/3/yigak03320.pdf | hdl = 2433/124279 | s2cid = 25750603 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

==== Summary ====
People with schizophrenia have differences in the anterior cingulate gyrus when compared with controls. The anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be smaller in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Fujiwara 2007"/> The volume of the gray matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be lower in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Haznedar 2004"/><ref name="Costain 2010"/> Healthy females have larger rostral anterior cingulate gyrus than males, this sex difference in size is absent in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Takahashi 2003"/> The metabolic rate of glucose was lower in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and in the right posterior cingulate gyrus.<ref name="Haznedar 2004"/>

In addition to changes in the cingulate cortex more brain structures show changes in people with schizophrenia as compared to controls. The hippocampus in people with schizophrenia was found to be smaller in size when compared with controls of the same age group,<ref name="Koolschijn 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Koolschijn | first1 = P. C. D. M. P. | last2 = Van Haren | first2 = N. E. M. | last3 = Cahn | first3 = W. | last4 = Schnack | first4 = H. G. | last5 = Janssen | first5 = J. | last6 = Klumpers | first6 = F. | last7 = Hulshoff Pol | first7 = H. E. | last8 = Kahn | first8 = R. S. | doi = 10.4088/JCP.08m04574yel | title = Hippocampal Volume Change in Schizophrenia | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 737–744 | year = 2010 | pmid =  20492835}}</ref> and, similarly, the caudate and putamen were found to be smaller in volume in a longitudinal study of people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Mitelman 2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mitelman | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Canfield | first2 = E. L. | last3 = Chu | first3 = K. W. | last4 = Brickman | first4 = A. M. | last5 = Shihabuddin | first5 = L. | last6 = Hazlett | first6 = E. A. | last7 = Buchsbaum | first7 = M. S. | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.022 | title = Poor outcome in chronic schizophrenia is associated with progressive loss of volume of the putamen | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 113 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 241–245 | year = 2009 | pmid =  19616411| pmc =2763420 }}</ref> While the volume of gray matter is smaller, the size of the lateral and third ventricles is larger in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Kempton 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kempton | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Stahl | first2 = D. | last3 = Williams | first3 = S. C. R. | last4 = Delisi | first4 = L. E. | title = Progressive lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of longitudinal MRI studies | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.036 | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 120 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 54–62 | year = 2010 | pmid =  20537866| s2cid = 25389387 | url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/9033332/Meta_analysis_longitudinal_MKempton_112_schizophrenia_research_with_figures_preprint.pdf }}</ref>

=== Depression ===
The cingulate gyrus is heavily implicated in [[Major depressive disorder|depressive disorders]]. The subgenual region, which lies below the genu of the [[corpus callosum]], is especially important.<ref name=":0" /> This site is the target of [[Deep brain stimulation|deep-brain stimulation therapy]] for depression, an invasive therapy used when all other treatment methods have failed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=John H. |title=Neuroanatomy: text and atlas |date=2021 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-1-259-64249-4 |edition=5th |location=New York |chapter=Chapter 16: The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Reward, Emotions, and Memory}}</ref>

Isolated [[stroke]] of the cingulate gyrus has also been found to induce depression, potentially implicating this region in [[post-stroke depression]] which may occur following stroke of a larger part of the brain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Nuno Filipe |last2=Madruga |first2=Luís |date=May 2021 |title=A sudden and severe depressive episode after a left cingulate gyrus stroke: a case report of post-stroke depression and review of literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33825944 |journal=Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria: 1996) |volume=128 |issue=5 |pages=711–716 |doi=10.1007/s00702-021-02334-y |issn=1435-1463 |pmid=33825944}}</ref>

=== Age-related cognitive impairment ===
The cingulate cortex plays a key role in cognitive aging, particularly in the cingulo-opercular.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saberi M, Rieck JR, Golafshan S, Grady CL, Misic B, Dunkley BT, Khatibi A | title = The brain selectively allocates energy to functional brain networks under cognitive control | journal = Scientific Reports | date = 2024 | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 32032 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7 | pmid = 39738735 | url = https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7 | pmc = 11686059 | bibcode = 2024NatSR..1432032S }}</ref> Greater connectivity in the cingulo-opercular network is linked to better episodic memory, attention, and executive function, but declines with age, impacting cognitive performance.<ref name="10.3389/fnagi.2020.00177">{{Cite journal |last1=Hausman |first1=H. K. |title=The role of resting-state network functional connectivity in cognitive aging |journal=Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |volume=12 |pages=177 |year=2020 |doi=10.3389/fnagi.2020.00177 |doi-access=free |pmid=32754160|pmc=7365865 }}</ref><ref name="10.1093/cercor/bhu012">{{Cite journal |last1=Geerligs |first1=L. |last2=Renken |first2=R. J. |last3=Saliasi |first3=E. |last4=Maurits |first4=N. M. |last5=Lorist |first5=M. M. |title=A brain-wide study of age-related changes in functional connectivity |journal=Cerebral Cortex |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=1987–1999 |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhu012 |pmid=24408955}}</ref> Reduced connectivity in the anterior cingulate cortex within the [[salience network]] correlates with cognitive decline.<ref name="10.1162/jocn_a_00269">{{Cite journal |last1=Onoda |first1=K. |last2=Ishihara |first2=M. |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=S. |title=Decreased functional connectivity by aging is associated with cognitive decline |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=2186–2198 |year=2012 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00269 |pmid=22784203}}</ref> Age-related decreases in cingulo-opercular connectivity, especially in the left insula, mediate declines in visual processing speed.<ref name="doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.014">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Rizzo |first1=A. L. |title=Decreased cingulo-opercular network functional connectivity mediates the impact of aging on visual processing speed |journal=Neurobiology of Aging |volume=73 |pages=50–60 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.014 |pmid=30366314|url=https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/27066/1/Decreased%20cingulo-opercular%20network%20functional%20connectivity-Accepted_manuscript.pdf }}</ref> Its predictive value in aging models highlights its potential as a biomarker for cognitive decline.<ref name="10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saberi M, Rieck JR, Golafshan S, Grady CL, Misic B, Dunkley BT, Khatibi A | title = The brain selectively allocates energy to functional brain networks under cognitive control | journal = Scientific Reports | date = 2024 | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 32032 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7 | pmid = 39738735 | url = https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83696-7 | pmc = 11686059 | bibcode = 2024NatSR..1432032S }}</ref>